Implications of Information and Communication Technology for Business E

Implications of tuition and Communication Technology for Business Time and geographical factors deal a huge affect on the communication methods we intention. In the business world time is money, and no matter how far u need to state to, it normally has to be done quickly and efficiently. This is where Information Systems (IS) and Information Communication Technology (ICT) pick up a huge impact on businesses nowadays, especially bombastic scale organisations. Currently, Local sphere Networks (LANs) are becoming more common in normal size businesses, and large-scale organisations tend to use Wide Area Networks ( macabres), intranets and extranets. A LAN is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings. However, one LAN stinkpot be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves this is what we call a WAN (a system of LANs connected together). E ach node (individual computer) in a LAN is able to access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can share expensive devices, such as laser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions. Hence LANs can be very useful for a small to medium size businesses. For big businesses/organisations, WANs are more useful, as it means the business is not limited to where it can be based. For example a company may have its head quarters in London, that have an office in Cambridge. With the use of a WAN the same benefits as the LAN can be achieved, but in a greater geographical situation. Anot... ...et facilities means the same thing, employees can browse the net rather than doing their work. There are measures to fight against this, but they are not very efficient. As you can see, technology in the past few years has rocketed, and now ICT and IS are ex tremely fundamental to businesses and organisations, without the use of them everything even down to the simplest of things such as communication will be affected. Bibliography Rowe, Christopher and Thompson, Jane, People and Chips, The Human Implications of Information Technology. McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition 1996 Bocij Paul, Chaffey Dave, Greasley Andres and Hickie Simon, Business Information Systems Technology Development and Management for E-Business. FT Prentice Hall 2002. Langford, Duncan, Practical Computer Ethics. McGraw Hill 1995

Ubiquitous Man :: science

Ubiquitous ManA glance over the world from the point of view of a Science Fiction Writer who assumes that Time is waved to all directionsMotto The only thing you have really got is what you ar and it is on you forever.Mihaela BufnilaASSUMPTIONSIf God had died what would be the spend of beautiful language and why would beautiful exist or function anymore deep down the oceans?If I multiply and metamorphose into a defame of spots under the pressure of magnetic fields, will I be able to enlarge my informational surface?The supreme miracle stands for the way in which an accumulation of points realizes it is an assembly of points. The Ubiquitous Man seems to be the man of all times shaped into the body of contemporary Time. If this is not true, then I may be defame when reporting myself to reality, and I have no other choice but accepting the generalized and the generalizing fiction according to which I dont horizontal exist and, thus, I cannot witness myself. This means that, as I a m only contents, I couldnt possibly build my exteriority from where to fully spy myself opus plunging into the pleasure of the principle of multiple of one.The Ubiquitous Man seems to be caught between the history jaws, on the verge of being smashed by his own sins, by his own fictions, or by the crowds waving like a roaring ocean, or by revolutions and wars or by impersonal administrative acts or by nature hardships which is not a proper nature anymore.As a universal construction, the Ubiquitous Man doesnt seem to be built by addition, the idea of a flowing time is seemingly. The time seems rather waved the ubiquity gives the impression of the wave that And look You can see it before our visible horizon, promptly up, under the consciousness reflector, then vanished down the ocean full of universes, to the sailors anxiety. The Ubiquitous Man seems to be the man you feel close to you, resembling you, a sailor through the meaningful or meaningless storms, self-sufficient.Often, the Ubiquitous Man ends up by being ridiculous, tragic or anecdotic. It is like, being upset that his predecessors are not sharing his attempts, he punishes them by exterminating them together with him, and this is his way of perceiving the finite. Frequently, the Ubiquitous Man, a fragmented creature, cannot understand, cannot comprise all, cannot find out the meaning of things and then, he is expelled from the slide registrar in one movement.

Legalizing Marijuana: Pros and Cons Essay -- Drugs, Pros and Cons

The war on drugs is a movement of prohibition and military aid being undertaken by the United States government intended to twain define and reduce the unratified drug trade. In the year 2010 the U.S. government spent $15 billion on the war on drugs, at a rate of $500 per second. State and local governments spent another $25 billion as well. In 2007, $42 billion was spent on the marijuana prohibition. That is more money than the war on drugs spent on all types of drugs three years before when $40 billion was spent all together. why is our government focusing on a drug that can be called merely harmless to those who use it? Why is this drug getting more money spent on it than drugs that are highly addictive and life threatening? Marijuana is not as atrocious as people may want it to seem.Marijuana is a product of the Cannabis stavia, a hemp plant, and it is usually referred to as the plants leaves and flowers. Marijuana has become a popular drug with its recreational use that produces a feeling of well-being. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported that 21.1 million people were current users of illegal or illicit drugs, and of these people 75 percent reported using marijuana. Illegal in most countries this drug has many monikers such as pot, weed, grass, bloody shame jane, etc. This drug is generally dried, crushed, and smoked in pipes or hand-rolled cigarettes, but it can also be consumed in food and drink. This drug comes with feeling both physical and psychological effects (Gale). The article Is Marijuana Good? by states that marijuana affects the brain with its call ingredient THC. The author asserts that THC, a key ingredient in marijuana, attaches to cannaboid receptors throughout the body. Several areas of ... ...n Horse Anti-communism and the War on Drugs. Contemporary Crises 14.1 (1990) 39-55. Print.Hardy, Quentin. Cost of Marijuana Prohibition $42 Billion Per Year. Green Change. 01 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. Web.Klein, J oe. Why Legalizing Marijuana Makes Sense - TIME. TIME.com. 02 Apr. 2009. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. Web.Marijuana. Current Issues Macmillian Social Science Library. Detroit Gale, 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.Physicians and general public agree on healthful marijuana use. PharmacoEconomics & Outcomes News no. 480 (2005), 11-11. Print.Sophia Prashad, et al. Smoking marijuana gives teen normal life. New York AmsterdamNews89.3 (1998), 18-18. Print.Welch, William M., and Donna Leinwand. Slowly, Limits on Pot Are Fading. USATODAY.com. 09 Mar. 2010. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. Web.

Dispelling the Myths of Ageism Essay -- Age Discrimination in Western

Ageism is prejudice in which people argon categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age (Berger, 2008). Our western culture has embedded ageism into our everyday lives, and we may not be able to identify the ageist behavior when it occurs. Older adults are oftentimes given negative labels such as senile, sad, lonely, poor, sexless, ill, dependent, demented, and disabled. (McGuire, Klein, Shu-Li, 2008) It is inevitable that we will experience decline in physical and mental capacities. However, the timing, quality, and degree of the aging process are highly variable and very different for each individual. General assumptions and stereotypes intimately aging are harmful to individual senior adults and do not do good society.After World War II ended in 1945, veterans returned home to get married and start families which resulted in a baby boom. This generation, which has been dubbed Baby Boomers, was natural between 1946 and 1964. In 2011 this generati on will begin to reach age 65, which is a pivotal age for senior adults. In 2050, the number of Americans aged 65 and older is projected to be 88.5 million, more than double its projected population of 40.2 million in 2010. The baby boomers are largely responsible for this increase in the older population, as they will begin crossing into this category in 2011. (US Census Bureau, 2010). With our population shifting to an older demographic, ageism will weigh heavy on our society and the importance of researching, discussing and finding solutions to ageism will come to the forefront.By definition, ageism is a form of discrimination that can occur at any age. However, it is the senior population that has been distressed the most. Only a few of the man... ...70802042123.Palmore, E. (2004). Research note Ageism in Canada and the United States. diary of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19(1), 41-46. Retrieved from academic Search Premier database.Palmore, E. (2005). Three decades of re search on ageism. Generations, 29(3), 87-90. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.Ryan, E., Jin, Y., Anas, A., & Luh, J. (2004). Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia and Canada. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19(4), 343-360. doi10.1023/BJCCG.0000044688.27282.7b.US Census Bureau (2010), The next four decades The older population in the United States 2010 to 2050, Retrieved from http//www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p25-1138.pdf Zhou, L. (2007). What college students know about older adults A cross-cultural qualitative study. Educational Gerontology, 33(10), 811-831. doi10.1080/03601270701364545.

Drug, Crime, Prohibition Essay -- essays research papers

Drugs, Crime and ProhibitionDo do drugss really cause crime, or is it our g everyplacenments way of controlling the communities? Many citizenry blame drugs for every problem in our society, nevertheless is it the true evil in our society? No one person can answer that question. in that location are only opinions and supposed theories on this issue. We have been taught over the eld that drugs were bad and that they only affected the poor and less fortunate, and turned them into crazy criminals, but this isnt true to any extent. The laws controlling and prohibiting drugs are the true reasons. Would our crime levels decline if drugs were legalized to some extent, or would we just increase the destruction of our res publica? everywhere the past fifty years, prohibition has been proven to actually increase crime and drug use instead of its intended purpose, which was to extinguish the use of illicit drugs in the United States. We constantly here of prison over crowding, and why is that? Most of our prisons are filled with drug offenders, ranging from use to distribution of supposed illicit drugs. What is our country coming to? The purpose of this research paper is to view the advantages and disadvantages of the legalization of illicit drugs in the United States. I will examine each side of this major(ip) problem plaguing our fine country from past to present. People wake everyday to their normal and monotonous life without thus far thinking about what they are doing. They do not realize that they have been conditioned by the government and its laws to obey and follow the supposed norm of society. What is the norms of society, and who set the guidelines for them? No one can formulate how these norms came about, they only know that they must follow them, or they could get in trouble with the law. We are going into the twenty first century, and we still follow laws that were passed hundreds of years ago. Why is this? We are a highly advanced country, but we sp end clip, lives and money on abiding by laws that were around before the automobile was even invented. I will begin with the history of our drug control policies, which have failed miserably, and examine the drug-crime connection. Policy History Drugs have been in this country since the beginning of time in some shape or form, which was used for personal and medicinal use. Usage of marijuana has been reported to date back to the founding of Jamestown (1). Ge... ...ugh a drug epidemic. Drug related murders and violent assaults are on the rise, but this isnt caused by drugs, rather by the laws that prohibit them. By prohibiting drugs, we are only do the prices of drug to rise, which means addicts must cause crimes to support their habit. The illicit drug trade market is the second largest business in the world, bringing in over 500 billion dollars a year. Opposers of legalization argue that tobacco and alcohol kill more because of its legality and availability(3 ). The solution in their eyes is in training and early prevention. Drug use among Americas children in on the rise, and education is a perfect logical way of lowering their usage. Children need to be taught the effects and dangers of drugs when they are young. Children are the future drug abusers if something isnt done. Violence and drugs are thought to be one in the same in almost peoples eyes, but is this true. Drugs do not turn people into monsters, but rather bring out their criminal tendencies. No one argues that legalization would end abandon that is associated with drugs, but it would simply end the violence associated with the black market. Many dealers become dealers

Drug, Crime, Prohibition Essay -- essays research papers

doses, Crime and ProhibitionDo drugs really cause crime, or is it our governments way of controlling the communities? Many people blame drugs for every(prenominal) problem in our society, but is it the rightful(a) evil in our society? No one person can answer that question. There atomic number 18 notwithstanding opinions and supposed theories on this issue. We have been taught over the years that drugs were bad and that they only affected the poor and less fortunate, and turned them into crazy criminals, but this isnt true to any extent. The laws controlling and prohibiting drugs atomic number 18 the true reasons. Would our crime levels decline if drugs were legalized to several(prenominal) extent, or would we just increase the destruction of our country? Over the past cardinal years, prohibition has been proven to actually increase crime and drug use instead of its intended end, which was to extinguish the use of illicit drugs in the United States. We ever here of prison over crowding, and why is that? Most of our prisons are filled with drug offenders, ranging from use to distribution of supposed illicit drugs. What is our country coming to? The purpose of this research paper is to view the advantages and disadvantages of the legalization of illicit drugs in the United States. I get out examine each side of this major problem plaguing our alright country from past to present. People wake everyday to their normal and monotonous life without even thinking about what they are doing. They do not envision that they have been conditioned by the government and its laws to obey and follow the supposed norm of society. What is the norms of society, and who set the guidelines for them? No one can explain how these norms came about, they only contend that they must follow them, or they could get in trouble with the law. We are going into the twenty first century, and we still follow laws that were passed hundreds of years ago. Why is this? We are a highly advanced country, but we spend time, lives and money on abiding by laws that were around before the automobile was even invented. I will begin with the history of our drug control policies, which have failed miserably, and examine the drug-crime connection. Policy History Drugs have been in this country since the beginning of time in some shape or form, which was used for personal and medicinal use. Usage of marijuana has been reported to date back to the founding of Jamestown (1). Ge... ...ugh a drug epidemic. Drug link up murders and violent assaults are on the rise, but this isnt caused by drugs, rather by the laws that prohibit them. By prohibiting drugs, we are only causing the prices of drug to rise, which heart and soul addicts must cause crimes to support their habit. The illicit drug trade market is the second largest business in the world, bringing in over 500 one million million dollars a year. Opposers of legalization argue that tobacco and alcohol kill more because of its legality and availability(3 ). The solution in their eyes is in education and early prevention. Drug use among Americas children in on the rise, and education is a perfect logical way of lowering their usage. Children need to be taught the effects and dangers of drugs when they are young. Children are the future drug abusers if something isnt done. Violence and drugs are thought to be one in the same in most peoples eyes, but is this true. Drugs do not turn people into monsters, but rather bring out their criminal tendencies. No one argues that legalization would end violence that is associated with drugs, but it would merely end the violence associated with the black market. Many dealers become dealers

Communication and professional relationships

Explain how you implement effective converse in developing positive relationships with shaverren, young race and adults. Why is this important? 1. 1 In developing positive relationships we employ effective communication in several ways. We use it to help us better understand a smirch or person which loafer help to determine our approach when engaging with them. build trust and respect. If individuals determine well-fixed delivering with us and feel they can approach us at any beat on any subject, they are to a greater extent likely to co-operate and look favourably on any suggestions made. test that we care about the welfare and future of an individual and pull up stakes do our best to aid in their success construe that all parties are concur upon the uniform goal, making sure that everyone is clear about the final aim and how it willing be achieved. build and maintain a positive working surroundings where creativity and training can flourish. It is important to d o this because poor communication can lead to misunderstandings, lack of trust and conflict. Without a positive relationship you are marvelous to gain subscribe to and co-operation and find it challenging to achieve a good outcome from any situation.Explain the principles of relationship building with children, young masses and adults 1. 2 When trying to develop positive relationships there are several principles to follow. Firstly effective communication is essential. You must be clear in what you say and reassure you have been understood correctly. At the end of a communication you can reiterate your key points and if necessary outline responsibilities and actions. excessively be sure to use language appropriate to the person with whom you are communicating.When speaking with young children keep key points to a minimum and ask them to repeat what you have said. Secondly, take time to listen to others and try to understand their point of view. Use active listening techniques t o level that you are evoke in what they are saying and respond appropriately. Also make sure that, if you tell someone you will get back to them, you do get back to them. This will help engender a find of trust and respect. It is in any case essential that you show respect for the person with whom you are communicating.Remember their name and flesh out of how they like to be addressed and issues which are personal to them. Recalling details of their lives adds to the feel that you are genuinely interested in hem and their welfare. When communicating be sure to ac experienceledge the individual. Accommodate any religious and cultural beliefs and show that you value these differences. Be considerate of the persons situation trying to understand and accommodate any issues which may influence their feelings, actions and responses.Finally, remain positive and retain a instinct of humour. Laughter is a good way to break the ice and relieve tension in a stressful situation. relation ships and the way people communicate 1. 3 There are several ways in which social, professional and cultural contexts may affect our relationships and the way we communicate. We must remember that communication is non simply verbal and context will influence the way we act, what we wear, how we communicate and what we say. In a social setting our actions, language and dress may be s dismount nut.If we have colleagues and rises from school as friends outside of school, then we might perhaps greet them with a hug and a wave. Our language might incorporate speak and Jokes and conversation might be more than generic and less serious. We might be more casual in our attire and the situation would suggest whether this is acceptable. For example, you would not be conceptualizeed to attend a party wearing your best suit. The manner in which we communicate socially is also likely to be divers(prenominal) from a professional setting.As well as tele think and shell to face conversation s we might also engage via text message, email and social media sites and we would be unlikely to write a letter to someone we might see daily. Communications might, for example, utilise text speak and Jargon and not necessarily demand an warm response if any at all. In a professional context you would be expected to act, speak and dress more formally. Your actions language and clothing should satisfy the severity of the issue which you will address nd show appropriate respect for the location and people with whom you are meeting.If participating in a parent/ teacher meeting at school for example the aforesaid(prenominal) people you greeted with a hug the night before would be better greeted with perhaps a handshake to highlight the position you hold in this scenario. Our language would be more formal and depending who was present we might try to eliminate Jargon to keep in line clarity and minimise misunderstandings. Similarly again our clothing would be more formal to identify the position we hold and show respect for those involved in any meeting.When contacting people professionally the use of ocial media sites would not be appropriate to discuss any matters relating to school, pupils or staff. Text messages might be appropriate to communicate parents/carers of a school social event for example but to arrange a meeting or discuss an important matter it would be more appropriate to speak with a parent/carer or write a letter if the contact needs to be documented. When working with outside agencies email, for ease of use and speed, has become the standard form of communication but again when broaching a sensitive or important issue, a phone call or face to face meeting might be preferred.Emails can easily be misread which can lead to misunderstanding and conflict. When speaking we can use timbre of voice to help ensure a point is understood correctly and face to face we can use body language in the same way. The timeframe in which we contact someone or reply to a communication can also affect relationships. When someone has taken the time to contact you they will expect a response to show that you value their contact and it should be made in the same manner or more personally. Responding to a phone call with an email, for example, could be seen as rude and deter future contact.Similarly, elaying a response could suggest that you do not value the input of the individual or consider them or their issue to be important and bring about the same result. Different cultures may also have different standards in term of behaviour, dress, communication and contact. Actions could be misinterpreted and cause offence leading to the breakdget of a relationship. If you are meeting with someone from a different culture it may be worth doing some research and asking their preferred form of contact etc. to show that you value their beliefs.However, whilst it may be detrimental not to score for cultural differences you could see the same onsequenc es if you assume differences because of background or race when actually there are none. What skills do you need to communicate with children and young people 2. 1 Communication is still a relatively new thing for children and young people and they may not be used to asking questions and memory conversations. One skill required to communicate effectively is giving children and young people opportunities to speak.As adults we are inclined to think that we know what children are thinking and feeling and try to tell them this or fill the gaps in their speech. Whilst we should ontinue to try and communicate with children as often as possible we should ensure it is a two-way conversation and not a one-way stream of instructions. We should remain patient and allow children time to organise their thoughts and formulate their sentences. When a child is relaxed and at ease they will be more forthcoming.Children may be shy and reluctant to say more than a few words if they feel you are not i nterested in what they have to say. Using positive body language we can encourage children to speak out. We should come down to the childs level, face them and maintain eye contact. be focussed on the child rather than ontinuing with another task will confirm your interest and appropriate facial expressions will show that you are listening and have understood what they are saying. Active listening is another key skill.Be interested and make appropriate responses whilst the child is speaking to confirm that you are in reality listening. Add to this by repeating back what the child has said to ensure your understanding is correct and by giving positive comments when they have finished. Asking subject questions will extend the conversation giving the child more practice, boost the childs confidence so they are encouraged to communicate more and model a real onversation for them to learn from. Finally, we must also ensure that communication is appropriate for the child or young perso n and be able to adapt the mode we use.Depending on the age and ability of the child we may be able to simply converse or might need to incorporate visual support or play into the communication. We should not assume children and young people will not understand but instead make our communication clear, use vocabulary which is appropriate to their age and encourage questioning. Give a detailed explanation of how you adapt communication with children and young people for 2. a The age of the When communicating with younger children you should try choose a setting which is familiar to the child and where they are more confident their favourite area of the classroom for example.Get down to the level of the child perhaps sitting on the carpet and use body language to make them feel more comfortable ensure you are facing the child, smile, nod, issue toward them, keep your arms open and remove any barriers between you. Younger children will require more reassurance and perhaps more s ensual contact. They may feel more confident holding your hand or sitting close together. Vocabulary should be kept simple and sentences short, broken down into easy steps. The same point may need to be repeated several times in different ways and it is helpful to provide examples based around their own experiences.If a child is very reluctant to communicate you may want to use puppets to speak through, include pictures or props to help them engage or perhaps incorporate your communication into a favourite game. The attention span of younger children is very short and you must also account for this. Monitor the aloofness of time you spend together and include attention switches to maintain their interest change your ethod of communication, switch speakers, move location, ask questions etc. Older children and young people will still need to feel comfortable in your company but are more independent and will require less reassurance and physical contact.They are more familiar with the school environment so will find it easier communicate in different settings but will more comfortable in a setting they have used before. Older children often view themselves as grown up and will appreciate being case-hardened accordingly. Positive body language will still be beneficial in encouraging a child to peak but it will no longer be necessary to sit on the floor. Language and vocabulary should be more mature and sentences can be more complex. It may also not be necessary to repeat a point so often unless it is something new and above that persons ability level.Examples can be drawn from a variety of sources as their experiences are wider and additional materials should be more sophisticated such as written texts or you tube clips. Older children are more aware of themselves and can be easily embarrassed. They will benefit from confidence boosting reminders of how well they are progressing and positive re-enforcement. They will, however, withdraw and react negatively if pa tronised, preferring to be tough with respect and spoken to honestly. With age attention span also increases so it is still necessary to include attention switches to maintain focus but not as frequently. the context of the communication We will encounter children in a variety of situations at school and it will be necessary to adapt our communication accordingly. Primarily our contact will be made inside school during a learning activity. In this case we need to remain quite formal, be directive and model the behaviour we require through our own actions. Ground rules should be laid down in clear, concise Instructions and the learning objectives highlighted to ensure all children fully understand what we expect and are trying to achieve from the lesson.There will be other children in the same area working on of our group but not distract the others. We can do this through tone of voice, choice of vocabulary and supplementary resources but must be careful not to overexcite the grou p because of the other learners present. If your activity is away from other learners then it may be possible to incorporate physical activity and allow greater expression. Distractions will be plentiful and we will need to encourage and focus our learners through positive re-enforcement and challenges.If appropriate to the task we should encourage discussion through questioning but keep discussion restricted to the subject at hand. In a more social setting, for example the playground, we can be less formal and more relaxed in our approach. This would be reflected in our body language, tone of voice and vocabulary. These times can be used as opportunities to build relationships and get to know the children better. Children can be encouraged to discuss outside nterests and we might share our own experiences to help form a bond.Whilst it may be necessary to get out little reminders of school rules to avoid bad behaviour it should not be necessary to outline them in full and they can be made in a more playful and conspiratorial manner a helpful friend rather than a fgure of authority. Although conversation might be more light hearted we must still remember to maintain the relationship of teacher and pupil. A school trip, however, is a more social event, but still a learning activity and the degree of formality should remain on a similar level to the classroom.The formality f the pupil teacher relationship should remain so the children understand that you are in charge. Children will need to be reminded often of their objectives but communication might be more light hearted and children allowed to speak more freely, discussing outside interests highlighted by the current situation. Outside the school environment they will be excited and more forgetful of their code of conduct. It will not always be possible to speak with the whole group when on a trip so we should communicate through our own behaviour, modelling what we expect from the children remaining focusse d, respectful, and responsible.

Ongkas Big Moka Essay

His moka as the culmination of feasts ending a particularly bitter war Lessons from the Film*Illustrates the Big opus as hero but also as persuader, not commander *Complexity of competitive feasting, rival Big Men on all sides *The guests be not transformed, they remain enemies or rivals *The huge quantities of goods given away does it seem strange to you? *Both redistribution and balanced leading to negative reciprocity here.General Notes*Headmen flush toilet only persuade, not order people around. If he pushes too hard, people will not go along with him. *Ongka lives in the mens mansion house which is communal. He has 4 wives and 9 children. Each wife has her own residence in which she lives with her children. *Cassowary birds captured in the forest given in Moka much like the Chinese give pandas to foreign dignitaries *Sweet potatoes are the food of humans and pigs. Food/shelter/clothes/tools come from the gardens and the forest, but to get ahead in life, sensation must ha ve pigs. *Only 8-10 full grown pigs can be taken care of at a time. so, one must invest in other peoples pigs to gather together enough for a Moka.*Ongkas great skill is his speech-making abilities. He also has $1800 Australian dollars in a Mt. Hagen Savings Bank from the sale of coffee that comes from the mountains and the Kawelka. *Dressing up for Ongka meant to put on traditional garments, Bird of Paradise feathers, Cassowary feathers, etc. *What do they need capital for? False teeth transportation services some clothes *Before the Moka, Ongka found an extra wife just because of her capacity for work to help Rumbicore with the pigs for the final exam Moka. *Riema upset the date for the Moka by saying that he and his group had done sorcery on a neighboring headman that caused him to die suddenly. Some of his pigs were killed and he had to go into hiding.The Moka finally happened and includedOngka says it is the biggest Moka ever given.

Reunion Analytic Essay Essay

Reunion is a short story indite by John Cheever in 1962, who was an American novelist and short story writer. John often writes about stories taking place in the suburbs, in cities close to where he was born1. Living with strangers is a story written by Siri Hustvedt, who also is an American novelist and essayist2.Reunion takes place in the suburb in New York, where the young boy Charlie, who is the narrator in the story, meets his bring aft(prenominal) several years of separation. Charlies thoughts about his father are very positive, He was a big, good-looking man and I was terribly happy to draw him again. (p.1 l.12-13). The father seems to be a very busy business man, His secretary wrote to say that he would meet me at the information booth at noontide (p.1 l.7-8), it is non his dad who is replying, which may indicate that his father does non put so much effort in see his soon, like Charlie does in meeting his old dad. Charlie is so happy to see his dad, I wished that we c ould be photographed (p.1 l.18), and he does not want to for spend a penny this moment, he is very proud of his dad.Charlie must be in his late teenage years and approximately 17 years old, in the fact that he can travel on his own and he is not allowed to drink. In this age, boys tend to look up to their parents, especially their dad. It seems like Charlies role model is his father, and that is not uncommon in his age I knew that when I was grown I would be something like him I would rescue to plan my campaigns within his limitations (p.1 l. 11-12), given these facts, it seems like Charlie has planned his future after his fathers life, so that emphasizes that his father is his role model.Despite Charlies age, the father wants to have a beer with him. Charlie agrees to that, because he trusts his dad and everything he does is right and must not be questioned. In every society and culture, there are some unwritten rules and norms, which you have to follow. Chop-chop. Then he clapped his hands, an unwritten rule is e.g. that you neer clap for the waiters attention. Charlies fathers behavior is very immature and it showshis arrogance towards other people, people in the lower end of the society. But is does not seem like Charlie is effected by his focussing of acting. It is like Charlie is using the phrase from the story Living with Strangers Pretend like it isnt happening (p.1 l.21). His way of seeing his father, is affected of his high expectations of his role model. His boisterousness in the empty restaurant seemed out of place, Charlie knows that his father is not acting in a traffic pattern way, further he does not say anything about his behavior, maybe because he does not want to argue with his father.After entering plenty of restaurants, only to get a beer, He put his arm around me and pressed me against him. Ill walk you back to the station. If there had only been time to go up to my golf-club (p.2 l.73-75), his father uses his valuable time with hi s son, running after a beer in various restaurants and acting in an unacceptable way. People on the restaurants is not paying attention to them, because like in Living with strangers, Nobody else had given the woman a first glance, much less a second (p.1 l.30-31), this is part of the pretend-like-isnt-happening law. In Living with strangers it says And acting, as everyone in the city knows, can be dangerous (p.2 l.50-51), maybe the father would have acted very dangerously, if people would had said something to him about his behavior, but no one seems to take that chance.At the end of the story, Charlie tries to say goodbye to his dad, but he is arguing with a guy at the newsstand Now simply wait a second, sonny, he said Just wait a second. I want to get a rise out of this chap. (p.2 l.83-84). Even at the very end, the father acts in an unacceptable way. The son had to catch his train and went down the stairs, while the father argued over a newspaper. What is the message of this s tory? Do we have to expect nothing and then you wont be disappointed? The shortcomings about his dad and the preconceived view about him and how he has evolved, have given him unrealistic pictures about his father and ended with a big disappointment. Compared to the message in Living with strangers, dont judge a intensity by its cover, this can also be used on Reunion. If Charlie did not judge his father on his looks, maybe he would have got another(prenominal) view on him. So in short terms, if he did not have expectations he would not getdisappointed.Urkund has received the document Analytical prove Reunion.docx 03-09-2014 231000. It was sent from simonhvarrehotmail.com to lol.eucnanalys.urkund.se. The document has been allocated a reference ID D11417005.

Jefferson’s Declaration Of Independence And Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay

Two of the most prestigious and respected leaders of the United States of America, doubting Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, are notable for their great speeches and written works because they not only instilled patriotism in the American audiences, but unity, hope, and floor as well. Examples of these skills are intelligibly found in Jeffersons settlement of Independence and Lincolns Gettysburg Address http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMMzY1KJVeo, for each of these documents is a solid, memorable piece in style and historical support.Both pieces begin with many similar key factors, establishing affinity between the speaker and his audience on the concrete basis of a common background. Jefferson does not say I hold these truths or the government or even you, the public when beginning his famous declaration. The first word of The Declaration of Independence is We. We hold these truths to be self-evident creates a bond between Jefferson and the reader. He acknowledges them as an e qual before even finishing his sentence. This will not only serve as an illustration for equality between the American public and himself, but with the entire governing system. In breaking away from begin Europe, the United States sought to build a country where no maven person was placed above the common man and therefore had a lesser chance of eventual corruption. Jeffersons inclusion of the reader, the common man, symbolizes this unanimous desire.Abraham Lincoln too, unifies his audience with his eloquent streams of words in the Gettysburg Address. He explains to the reader that our fathers were the ones to create a new, liberated nation, and for this reason we are to this day equal in all of our prospective endeavors. Obviously, if he states that we all came from the same historical fathers, then we are in that respect not only equal, but bound to each other through a certain kinship. Lincoln furthers this inference when he sets up a personal, communal past including the time, participants, and their accomplishments. By recapitulating the goals, history, and accomplishments of our fathers, Lincoln hands the past on to his audience to create a new, proud future for their nation. A shared history is yet another point which helps the reader relate to others, and by passing on a legacy, they are forced to worktogether in evaluate and meeting its challenge.The phenomenon of liberty and truth under a new and hopeful nation is blatantly obvious, self-evident in fact, with no further necessary explanation, gibe to Jefferson and Lincoln. They wanted to install optimism and strengthen the bond between each and every American so that while creating their own history, they would remain united under one fundamental fact that they were all Americans. For Jefferson and Lincoln, the creation of our country was the creation of an interwoven community, one which would rise above all others because they were not just neighbors, they were survivors, compatriots, and most of all, kinsmen.

Why is education important in order to achieve the MDGs

The millenary breeding Goals ( MDGs ) argon eight international development subverts that were established after the 2000 Millennium Summit in which get together Nations Member States and International Organisations consented to litigate by the twelvemonth 2015 ( United Nations Millennium Development Goals, 2010 ) . The MDGs set clip edge attach in bettering societal and economic conditions in the universe s hapless states, which advancement towards diminished downing income leanness, hungriness, disease, deficiency of equal shelter and exclusion, while pass on gender equality, wellness, charge and environmental sustainability. They in any event embody basic human rightfulnesss so that for each one individual on the planet has the right to wellness, centering, shelter and certificate ( Ki-Moon, 2010 ) .Three major countries of Humanity are focused in the MDGs First, reenforcing human capital by bettering substructure, and change magnitude societal, economic and politica l rights, specifically concentrating on increasing the basic criterions of bread and butter ( United Nations, 2006 ) Second, bettering substructure through increasing admission to safe imbibing weewee, energy and modern information communications engineering, magnifying farm end products through sustainable patterns, bettering transit substructure, and continuing the environment and eventually the societal, economic and political rights, including authorising heavy(p) distaffs, cut downing force, increasing political voice, guaranting equal entree to public services, and increasing security of belongings rights. The ends are intended to increase an person s human capablenesss and progress the agencies to a productive life ( United Nations, 2006 ) .As persons moving together we have the power to take action and influence the procedure of making the MDGs by 2015 ( End Poverty Millennium Campaign, 2010 ) . education is of import in accomplishing these ends. A basic instructio n of a keen quality is necessary for developing an apprehension of the universe and the possibilities it provides, and for being able to sketch efficaciously within it. Without the cognition and assorted accomplishments developed through schooling and basic instruction plans, the chances for persons and the ability to move independently are greatly trim down ( UNESCO, 2010 ) .Escalating the motion towards instruction MDGs go away take straight to an acceleration of many of the other MDGs ( 2010 MDG SUMMIT, 2010 ) . In this essay I will explicate why instruction is of import in order to accomplish each of the eight millenary development ends.The first end of the millenary development ends is to eliminate extremity poorness and hungriness.Poverty forces kids out of school displacing their instruction driving them into the low paid work force because parents bay window non afford to educate them. Haines & A Cassels ( 2004 ) explain that unitary twelvemonth of schooling tummy i ncrease a individual s net incomes by 10 % with each extra twelvemonth of schooling facelift the mean one-year GDP by 0.37 % . Accessible instruction can assist feed an faultless rhythm of enhanced growing and an elevated pass in poorness, helping the hapless and profiting society as a whole. Education provides people with the accomplishments and cognition they require in order to increase income and develop workplace chances. By educating the hapless, swelled females and vulnerable groups it opens doors to occupations and recognition and has the potency for economic growing. With rigorous Torahs on compulsory instruction the millenary development end to eliminate utmost poorness and hungriness should be accomplishable in the hereafter.The 2nd MDG is to accomplish cosmopolitan primary instruction. Every kid regardless of where they live deserve the right to an instruction. The Development Education online Depository ( 2010 ) province that cosmopolitan primary instruction involv es come ining school at an appropriate age, come oning through the system and last a full rhythm of primary instruction. By eliminating primary school fees 1000000s of kids worldwide have the luck to derive literacy and numeracy accomplishments increasing the per centum of educated people in the universe, increases the chances for employment and a stable hereafter for many kids which in manus will assist in accomplishing the MDG of accomplishing cosmopolitan primary instruction.The 3rd MDG focuses on advancing gender equality and authorising adult females. Attaran ( 2005 ) province that there are 759 million people in the universe that can non read or compose, and of those people two-thirds are female. Females face many barriers to education in several states around the universe, runing from negative attitudes to the load of family work and distance to school. In order to right the balance instruction needs to be made a precedence, particular attempts such as using female instructo rs, back uping hapless households and doing the instruction system girl-friendly could assist in advancing gender equality and in authorising adult females.Severine & A Shahani ( 2009 ) claim that there is a strong correlativity between educating females and an addition in adult females s net incomes, improved kid and household wellness and nutrition, an addition in school registration, protection against human immunodeficiency virus infection, higher maternal and child life anticipation, reduced birthrate rates and delayed matrimony.Equal schooling for both male childs and misss is the foundation for development in accomplishing the MDG of advancing gender equality and authorising adult females.The 4th MDG purposes to cut down child mortality. Supplying instruction to girls provides a great opportunity of endurance to her kids in the hereafter. Severine & A Shahani ( 2009 ) claim that a female parent with unoriginal or higher instruction more than halves the hazard of kid mortal ity compared to a female parent with small or no instruction.As mentioned above there is a strong connexion between educating females and higher maternal and child life anticipation every bit good as betterments in kid and household wellness and nutrition, they are besides more likely to immunise their kids.Educating adult females, with at least primary instruction, the MDG of cut downing child mortality is more likely to be achieved.The 5th end purposes to better maternal wellness. Maternal instruction is one of the strongest counterpoisons to childbearing-related hazards ( United Nations, 2010 ) . By educating females it enables them to do improved wellness associated determinations, fewer female parents would decease and the MDG of bettering maternal wellness would hold a greater opportunity of being achieved.The 6th MDG intends to competitiveness HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.Education is the key to battling HIV/AIDS, malaria and many other diseases. Education establishm ents take a cardinal function in the bar of HIV and other catching diseases as they can make out to a big figure of people, promoting positive attitudes and behaviors supplying them with the cognition and accomplishments to cut down their opportunity of undertaking HIV. School wellness plans are besides ideal in supplying consciousness and hygiene patterns to assist contend malaria and other diseases.Haines & A Cassels ( 2004 ) province that adult females with an instruction higher than primary degree are five times more likely than literate adult females to be cognizant of and cognize about HIV/AIDS. Education offers an of import step of protection against HIV and other diseases. The MDG for cosmopolitan primary instruction is estimated to forestall 700, 000 new HIV infections each twelvemonth ( MDG Monitor, 2007 ) . It is claimed that instruction reduces the exposure of misss, and each twelvemonth of schooling offers greater protective benefits.Education is the best vaccinum aga inst HIV and Aids and other diseases it is besides the most cost effectual manner to accomplish the MDG of battling HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.The 7th MDG is leaded at guaranting environmental sustainability. Education for sustainable development ( ESD ) can assist us to populate sustainably. ESD is defined by UNESCO as the purposes to assist people to develop the attitudes, accomplishments and cognition to do informed determinations for the benefit of themselves and others, now and in the hereafter, and to move upon these determinations. By supplying instruction for environmental sustainability it besides educates pupils on cardinal issues including poorness decrease, sustainable supports, planetary heating and clime alteration, gender equality, somatic societal duty and the protection of autochthonal civilizations ( TeachMDGs, 2010 ) ESD will let persons to do determinations that meet the demands of the present without compromising those of future coevalss. Education i s indispensable for guaranting environmental sustainability.The eighth and concluding millenary development end is directed at developing planetary partnerships for development. Developing states financially can non supply cosmopolitan primary instruction for free to their people. Therefore a planetary partnership is needed to make full the fiscal spread for instruction so that globally the education-related development ends can be achieved. And if underdeveloped states make instruction a precedence they can so in bend hike their economic system, which can assist to accomplish all of the millenary development ends.Teaching and larning in schools should take to heighten accomplishments, cognition and behavior related to the millenary development ends. Schools should be after their transmission line of study so that content covered increases the impact that instruction has on the MDGs. Such as, in order to battle child mortality and to change female authorization, course of study on cleanliness, sanitation, and steps to minimise contagious diseases. In the instance of environmental sustainability the school should include plans such as the demand to economize H2O and trees. To better the nutritionary position of the pupils the school can present meal plans to guarantee the pupils have atleast one nutritionary repast each twenty-four hours. Schools can besides advance gender equality by the different functions that school leaders take. Positive behavior aimed at accomplishing the MDGs can be conditioned and reinforced throughout instruction.By presenting grownup instruction and literacy plans for both work forces and adult females can supply chances for employment, bettering labour productiveness and presenting plans such as H2O and sanitation. The impact of grownup instruction for adult females can ensue in lower kid mortality rates and higher degrees of maternal wellness. With the completion of secondary instruction adult females are more likely to seek out p renatal attention and better medical intervention, are more likely to direct their kids to school, and have greater economic chances that will relieve poorness and hungriness. All in all grownup instruction in occupational and life accomplishments will positively impact the millenary development ends.2010 should non be the beginning of the new and unsure journey towards the millenary development ends, instead it should be the refueling sign on this ocean trip that has been traveling on for the past 10 old ages. The following five old ages complete the journey in accomplishing the MDGs by 2015. With the execution of the millenary development ends in school course of studies globally the program to make the finish should be accomplishable.ResourcesAttaran, A. ( 2005 ) . An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millenium Development Goals and Why they can non be Measured. PLoS Medicine 2 ( 10 ) 318.Development Education on-line Depository. ( 2010 ) . Making Global Connections thro ugh Education. Retrieved from hypertext rapture protocol //www.developmenteducation.info//Haines, A. & A Cassels, A. ( 2004 ) . Can the Millennium Development Goals Be Attained? British Medical Journal, 329 ( 7462 ) 394-397.MDG Monitor. ( 2007 ) . Quick Facts. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm? c=BEN & A cadmiumMoon, K. ( 2010 ) . Millennium Goals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtmlSeverine, D. , & A Shahani, L. ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach Freedom and Agency. Sterling, VA Earthscan.TeachMDGs. ( 2010 ) . The Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //teachmdgs.net///United Nations. ( 2006 ) . The Millenium Development Goals root word United Nations Development Program. Retrieved from www.undp.org/publications/MDGReport2006.pdfUnited Nations Millennium Development Goals. ( 2010 ) . Acme on the Millenium Development Goals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.un.org/milleniumgoals/

A View Inside The Westboro Baptist Church Essay

Unlike most modern religious collections, the Westboro Baptist church is unique in the fact that the organization doesnt accumulate in a modern church service setting. Instead, the Westboro Baptist church meets on Sundays to picket and protest the funerals of people whom they feel have created blasphemous acts against theology. This recently included the funeral of orchard apple trees co-founder Steve Jobs. In an October 7th cbsnews. com article journalist Edecio Martinez quoted Margie Phelps as posting on twitter, He had huge platformgave God no glory and taught sin.This in return yielded a great a greatly deal of responses by media, family, and some other government officials as well. This is the story behind the Westboro Baptist Church and its contend counterparts. It is first important to understand the dynamics of the Westboro Baptist Church. Kn give birth for its fight against the alternative lifestyles of the homosexual community, the members of the Westboro Baptist Chu rch have often times been referred to as the serial protesters and similarly have been characterized as a hate group. This church is an independent church founded by Fred Phelps in 1955.The group contains 71 members most of which are of Phelps family. Their congregations include picketing and the profanation of the American flag. Theologically speaking they refer to themselves as Calvinist. The churchs view is that most religious groups are Satan worshipers, frauds, and teach lies. They believe that God Hates fags and that it should be a crime. The two most notable groups that Westboro Baptist Church has chosen to picket are homosexuals and celebrities. This organization is without a question unique in its own rights.Since the Westboro Baptist Church popped up on the scene in Nov. 27, 1955, the public has had something to say about them. In efforts to expires the disapproval of the Westboro Baptist Church other groups have met in areas where the church was picketing and turned awa y from churches protesters. Perhaps one of the most famous counter protests happened after the September 11 attacks. One young man Jared Dailey , stood across from the group and held a sign that displayed, NOT today Fred. Two days later the number shifted from 1 to 86 people standing across from the group.In proximo protest against the group the slogan that began Dailey used has been popular in use. As a means to counter the Westboro Baptist church organizations such as, The Boston Center for the arts and an ad-hoc group in Richmond countered the protest by doing pledges and then donating the money to LGBT (Lesbian, Bisexual, and Trans-gender) organizational projects. Others have arranged protest and hackers have been known to hack the Westboro batiste Church websites and disable them from the internet. There have been violent actions also against the group.There have been recorded incidents of angry mob attempting to attack the group, a fire near their meeting lace estimated at $10,000 in damage, and also Army Veteran Ryan Newell was arrested with ammo and an attempt on an attack of the group. For the most part the general public objects to the Westboro Baptist Church and their beliefs. Arguments on both sides of the debacle have both taking time out to use the First Amendment in their defense. The Westboro Baptist Church found themselves in overheated water when the father of the Marine Lance Corporal Matthew A.Snyder sued them for sprinkling of character, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress on June 5,2006. Although the court threw out the defamation and privacy suit of clothess due to the First Amendment the trial til now went on for other charges. The family argued that even though the first amendment gives an American citizen the right to free speech it still is limited. On the judges mark the first amendment was recited and let it be known that if vulgar, offensive, or shocking statements were made, then that wou ld be grounds of a guilty plea. The acknowledgment was guilty on behalf of Fred and the other members of the Phelps family.The Westboro Baptist Church also took action as well, on July 21,2006 the ACLU (The American Civil Liberties Union) of eastern Missouri filed a suit for Shirley L. Phelps-Roper. This suit stated that the Missouri law saying that no one was allowed to picket in front of a church or a funeral an hour out front or an hour after was preventing her from utilizing her right to religious liberty and free speech. Although the argument was relevant the courts still shot down the suit stating that in soulfulness states and cities the law is interpreted as they see fit because the amendment is vague as to the terms and conditions.The Phelps family continued on still to federal court in hopes of a win. On both sides of the argument each have had valid point that the first amendment protects both sides. As the situation continued, it called for the exacting Court to step in. The haughty Court stated that even though they do not agree with the Westboros acts they still have to aside with them due to the First Amendment of freedom of speech. The Supreme Court quoted that freedom of speech is so central to the nation that it protects cruel and unpopular protests even, in this case, at the moment of a familys most operose grief.The Westboro Baptist Church is an organization of people with their own beliefs and opinions. Their religion no matter how extreme it may be is still what they believe to be a religion. clock time has shown the world many interpretations of God worshipers, and many interpretations of religion, and the Bible. This is not the first group to have these views and probably wont be the last. The world is a outstanding place with many different people and it is important to look past the ignorance and see the importance of accepting everyone for who they are like it or not.

Bahlawane Discussion

The discussion is formulated, as the entire thesis, along with the cardinal major investigations d one and only(a) during this study. These argon the study of the governory mechanism of wg divisors expression in the early part and of Rem expression in the second part. An emphasis is given to the role of MucR in both standard paths. Fin in ally, the conclusion will yield to point out the consequences of an inter-connected linguistic rule and be closed on the role of MucR for the symbiosis efficiency in S. meliloti. I. Regulation scheme of galactoglu rouse synthesis in let loose and high Pi Published, also already alter II.Regulation scheme of app atomic number 18nt motion genes in S. meliloti. Motility and chemotaxis offers micro organisms a distinct advantage when grammatical constructiond with starving, harmful substances or a requi rapid eye campaign sleepent to approach the appropriate host. However, the front machinery authoritys high energy demands on the carrel l. bacteria develop a inexorable enactment network to control the expression of relocation related genes to stay off inappropriate energy expenditure. Bacteria also invoke alternative strategies for the regulation of relocation when faced with starvation or reduced nutrient conditions. In some bacteria, e. g., Serratia liquefaciens and Escherichia coli, this strict regulation results an increase of index to migrate when faced with reduced nutrient conditions (Sharma, Anand, 2002). Apparently the strategy is to engage the motility machinery only in response to pains / starvation conditions by moving towards a better environment. In other bacteria, e. g. S. meliloti, the strict regulation results migration toward chemo-attractants under nutrient sufficient or excess conditions and the development of the vegetative state and biofilm upon encountering stress/starvation conditions (Wei, Bauer, 1998).Thus, S. meliloti was raise to be motile throughout active growth, when nutrient s are readily available, and to become non-motile upon inflection to the stationary phase (Rotter et al. , 2006). The clue of this regulation paradoxical sleepained unknown up to the put. Some advances have been performed by the breakthrough of Rem (Rotter et al. , 2006), a Class Ib regulator, which expression follows the cubicle motility. Recently, Hoang et al. (Hoang et al. , 2008) demonstrate that quorum sensing (QS) set motility in strain Rm8530 through the regulation of visNR expression by ExpR by using an unknown mechanism.1. Modulation of rem expression Since rem expression was instal to be growth dependent and that visN expression was constant all through the growth, new regulators of motility were expected (Rotter et al. , 2006). In the present study, we demonstrated that MucR strickles motility by regulation of rem expression. Binding of MucR to the promoter region upriver of rem was shown and a sequence sharing similarities with the MucR covering fire site con sensus (Bertram-Drogatz et al. , 1998) was identified in this region.However, further investigations suggested that sequences, downstream of this consensus, could be required for MucR grooming to the rem upriver region. Since MucR inhibition was increased by a mutation in rem, we speculated that the ratio of Rem / MucR directs in the cubicle may contri exclusivelye to the regulation of motility in S. meliloti. In RU11/001, Rem was found to be present in great amount in cubicles at low density (Rotter et al. , 2006) and slowly disappear during the exponential growth. We did not retrieve a much higher rem transcription level at low cell density in our wild type Rm2011.However, we cannot exclude that post transcriptional regulation is responsible for the appeal of Rem protein in Rm2011 at low cell density. If high levels of Rem are present in the cell, the effect of MucR on regulation of rem appears to be negligible. Consistent with this postulation, we observed that at low cel l densities, the expression of rem promoter was inhibited in the presence of an intact mucR locus and a stop rem locus, but not in the presence of a working(a) rem locus.In such scenario, the metre of Rem within the cell in a culture of low cell density top executive be high enough to completely mask the effect of MucR, while at higher cell density, the higher quantity of MucR within the cell might be sufficient to inhibit transcription of rem. another(prenominal) explanation for the difference of rem expression pattern among the strain RU11/001 and Rm2011 might be the expR post of these two independent wild types. Indeed, Rm2011 exhibits an insertion element within expR (Pellock et al. , 2002), leading to a non functional gene and consequently a deficient quorum- sensing (QS) system.It was previously shown that the Sin / ExpR quorum sensing system (Marketon et al. , 2002Marketon et al. , 2003) down-regulates motility and chemotaxis genes and that the visN-visR operon was a t arget for the LuxR-type regulator ExpR (HOANG 2004, HOANG 2008). We could confirm the inhibition of visN expression by AHL-activated ExpR and its relay to the rem expression. Moreover, McIntosh demonstrated grooming of ExpR to the promoter region of visN in the presence of AHLs implying that ExpR directly regulates transcription of visN-visR (personal communication).While rem expression levels are regulated by several regulators, including ExpR, VisN and VisR, as demonstrated in this study and elsewhere (Hoang et al. , 2008Rotter et al. , 2006) it is unknown what factors affect expression of the autoregulated mucR gene (Muller et al. , 1993). However, MucR appears to function as a repressor, both in the presence and absence of a functional Sin quorum sensing system (Bahlawane C. et al. , 2008McIntosh et al. , 2008), suggesting that the regulation of mucR expression is not dependent on quorum sensing, although this remains to be confirmed.2. Requirement for swimming and swarming mo tility This study highlights another interesting aspect of motility in S. meliloti, namely, swarming, but not swimming, depends on the presence of a functional quorum sensing system and galactoglucan production. The requirement of exopolysaccharides for swarming was recently highlighted in a large scale analysis of Tn5 summercaters exhibiting swarming defects in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008). The requirement of a functional quorum sensing for swarming was likewise found in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008Daniels et al., 2006). However, this strain exhibits two different quorum sensing systems CinIR and RaiIR, with a much brighter QS signal molecules spectrum. We demonstrated that in S. meliloti, only those strains with an intact ExpR / Sin quorum sensing system and unfastened of galactoglucan and flagella production showed the ability to swarm. Even if MucR modulated the expression of the regulator of motility, the swimming ability of a mucR, expR mutant (Rm101) wa s not affected. Therefore, swimming required flagella production, but not the ExpR/Sin system and galactoglucan biosynthesis.Swimming is an individual endeavour, whereas swarming is the coordinated movement of a cosmos of bacteria in high viscosity media or over a locate and has been shown to be widespread among flagellated bacteria, particularly in association with quorum sensing (Harshey, 2003Sharma, Anand, 2002). Hence, the involvement of quorum sensing in swarming, but not in swimming, may be an important feature in coordination of motility. 3. Interconnection between both regulation networks and comparison with other strainsCoupling of the regulation of bacterial exopolysaccharide production and the regulation of cell motility has also been found in Ralstonia solanacearum (5), Vibrio cholerae (1, 34), and Salmonella enterica (7), and presumably increases the ability of the cells to interact with their prospective host cells. We found that ExpR functions as inhibitor of the ma ster regulator of motility VisNR, in addition to its role as an activator of the expression of the galactoglucan genes in the presence of Sin AHLs and positively affect expression of exoK and exsH leading to the depolymerisation of succinoglycan (McIntosh et al., 2008). Moreover, MucR is shown to inhibit the motility through rem expression, in addition to its role in the activation the HMW succinoglycan production and inhibition of the galactoglucan production. This fits well to the opposite regulation for succinoglycan biosynthesis and motility found previously for S. meliloti strains (Hoang et al. , 2008Wells et al. , 2007Yao et al. , 2004). A model is therefore proposed (Fig. 4. 2) where the inverse regulation of succinoglycan and flagella synthesis, as well as the role of MucR and ExpR are highlighted. Figure 4.1 Regulation schem of the motility in S. meliloti step on it lines indicate an unknown regulation path and lines indicate a direct regulation through demonstrated desoxy ribonucleic acid / protein interactions. The direct effect of ExoR /ExoS has to be further analyses, expecially the interaction with visN promoter has to be elucidated. Chapter 2 decision Taking in account the scheme of galactoglucan synthesis regulation (Fig. 4. 1) and the scheme of motility regulation (Fig. 4. 2) proposed in this study, we may try to follow the effect of such regulation paths in the life styles of the bacteria.The last one is named as free living microorganism or as symbiont in the plant root. In the first case, the bacteria are exposed to dryness and nutrients starvation. At this stage, the biofilm production is a pre-requisite for survival. Therefore, the EPSs biosynthesis has to be switched ON. As it is quite improbable that the cell density is high enough to activate the quorum sensing system, we can speculate that MucR plays a key role in activating the succinoglycan biosynthesis. Since the soil exhibits precise low level of Pi, galactoglucan is, at this point produced through the activation via phoB and WggR.Upon biofilm formation, the cell density probably increases and could activate the quorum sensing system, allowing the bacteria to produce more galactoglucan and swarm towards better conditions. In such conformation, the cells present within the centre of the swarming population are non motile and synthesized EPS thus the cells present at the migration front are highly motile but do not synthesized EPS. It would be interesting to clarify whether a cell differentiation, as proposed by Soto (Soto et al. , 2002), takes place at this stage.Finally, if the host is present in the next neighbourhood the chemotactic compounds, as well as the nutrients found in the rood exudates, will attract the bacteria. When approaching the root, the moisture increases, along with the nutrients availability so that swarming motility will be replaced by swimming motility that decline progressively. Indeed, the bacteria attached to the root, increasing the cell density that may lead to the inhibition of flagella production via ExpR / QS. Instead, EPS are produced, allowing recognition between the plant and the microbe as well as the intrusion of the new synthesized infection thread.Once within the root, the bacteria will signalize to bacteroid and start fixing nitrogen. We tried to highlight in this thesis the relevance of exopolysaccharides and motility for an cost-effective symbiosis. Great advances have been made the last years, leading to the identification of the quorum sensing interaction with motility. We participate in inclusion of MucR, as new regulator of motility and ExpR as requisite for swarming. However, the full understanding of the act upon of motility in symbiosis establishment will require finding out which signals are bring forth mucR and exoR/ exoS.Moreover, some tests have to be implemented to investigate the symbiosis establishment in more graphic conditions. Indeed, the bacteria are usually directly inoculated to the root, so that motility, via swarming or swimming is not required. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to convey Prof. Dr. Alfred Puhler, Chair of the Genetics department, for allowing me use the very good infrastructure that promotes a very pleasant and conducive atmosphere during my research using performant techniques. I am eespecial(a)ly grateful to Prof.Dr. Anke Becker, my supervisor, for large-minded me the chance to come back to research. Without her advices, ideas and resources, this work would not be possible and achieved. Thus, I thank her also for the freedom she gave me, as well as her support to test new ideas and her great help by conceiving and writing the manuscripts that become the pillars of this manuscript. Within the laboratory members, I would like to thank first Dr. Birgit Baumgarth who introduced me to the lab and to the investigated organism. Then, special thanks to Dr.Matthew McIntosh for the quorum sensing related work and his help for preparing the derived publication. Furthermore, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Natasha Pobigaylo for her friendship, her face-saving discussions and for giving me courage when I am about to lose it. I thank Manuela Mayer, too, for the assistance in microarray hybridizations as well as Dr. Lisa Krol, Javier Serrania and Thomas Montfort for the everyday help in the lab. Finally, I would like to thank all Exopol group members for the support and advices.Least, I would like to thank my family for their unending and heartwarming support in many ways. Special thanks to Rachida Bendaou, my mother-in-law, for her support in caring my children during my research. I would like to thank my children, Ines, Soraya and Jasmine, for fill up my life with love and happiness. I would like to apologize for the bad mood and stress situations that are unfortunately connected with such a thesis. My heartfelt gratitude to my understanding and loving husband, Naoufal, for his moral and fin ancial support, for accept in me and for sharing the passion for science with me.Resume In order to enter symbiosis with its legume partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti has to face continual changing conditions. It has more ability to adapt quickly to the situation than the ability to face it efficiently that makes the difference in term of symbiosis efficiency. For the first interactions with its host, motility is required by S. meliloti to move towards the chemotactic compounds released by its host when exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are required later on, for the attachment to the root as well as for the invasion of the infection thread, leading to the formation of the root nodule.We focused in this study the regulatory networks leading to the coordination of motility and EPSs production in the strain Rm2011. Depending on the phosphate concentration encountered in the environment Rm2011 synthesizes two different exopolysaccharides (EPS). Galactoglucan (EPS II) is produced under phosphate starvation but also in the presence of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator WggR (ExpG) or as a consequence of a mutation in mucR. The galactoglucan biosynthesis gene bunch contains the operons wga (expA), wge (expE), wgd (expD), and wggR (expG).Two promoters, differentially controlled by WggR, PhoB, and MucR, were identified upstream of each of these operons. The proximal promoters of the wga, wge, and wgd transcription units were constitutively active when separated from the upstream regulatory sequences. Promoter activity studies and the positions of predicted PhoB and WggR binding sites suggested that the proximal promoters are cooperatively induced by PhoB and WggR. MucR was shown to potently inhibit the distal promoters and bound to the DNA in the vicinity of the distal transcription start sites.An special inhibitory effect on the distal promoter of the structural galactoglucan biosynthesis genes was identified as a new feature of WggR in a mucR mutant. Motility i s organized in S. meliloti in a stratified cascade, with Class Ia genes, encoding the major regulator of motility VisNR controlling the expression of the class Ib gene, rem, which encodes a telephone exchange regulator, activating the expression of the downstream Class II and class III genes. We could demonstrate that MucR binds a DNA sequence upstream of rem, following a different mechanism as previously observed upon binding upstream of the wg genes.By this way, MucR inhibits rem expression as well as the expression of the Rem-regulated genes such as flaF and flgG. Furthermore, we intercommunicate a balance of the swimming and swarming abilities of several S. meliloti strains derivatives of Rm2011. We could show that all strains, able to build flagella, were swimming on low viscosity agar plates. However, swarming over high viscosity agar plates required all a functional expR / sin locus, the ability to build flagellum and the production of exopolysaccharides. Finally, we propo se a model for the coordination of motility and EPSs synthesis in S. meliloti.

Defective Good in Law

INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE GOODS Goods start out been defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 as all(prenominal) kind of moveable property otherwise than actionable claims and money and include stock and sh ares, growing crops, grass, and things prone to or shapeing part of the land which are agreed to be severed before sale or to a lower place(a) the contract of sale.The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 lays down that defect means any(prenominal) fault, imperfection or blemish in the quality, quantity, potency, purity or standard which is required to be maintained by or under any justness for the time being in force under any contract, express or implied or as is claimed by the potr in any manner whatsoever in similitude to any goods. An average Indian consumer is noned for his patience and tolerance.Perhaps beca role of these two traditional traits and cod to the process of the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita, he considers the receipt of incorrect goods and s ervices as an act of fate or unfavourable telluric position in his horoscope. When a new television or refrigerator purchased by him turns out to be imperfect from day one, he sees it reticently, blaming it on his fate or as the consequence of the wrongs committed by him in his previous birth.Very often he is exploited, put to avoidable inconveniences and suffers financial acquittance. It is rather inconclusive that the customer is advertised as the king by the seller and service provider, entirely in unfeigned practice treated as a slave or servant. Goods are purchased by him a spacious with the mark Items once sold by us testament never be received back under any circumstances whatsoever. WHAT ARE DEFECTIVE GOODSA return is in a defective condition, immoderately hazardous to the commitr, when it has a propensity or tendency for causing physical harm beyond that which would be contemplated by the ordinary user, having ordinary knowledge of the crossroads characteristic s comm provided known to the foreseeable class of persons who would normally use the harvest-feast. With regard to the issue of levelal cause, a defective condition is a legal cause of wound if it directly and in natural and continuous sequence produces or contributes comfortably to producing such injury, so that it peck cerebrateably be said hat, except for the defective condition, the injury complained of would not have occurred. A defective condition may be a legal cause of damage level(p) though it operates in combination with the act of another, some natural cause, or some other cause if such other cause occurs at the like time as the defective condition and if the defective condition contributes substantially to producing such damage. Thus, in moorings involving allegedly defective, unreasonably weighty carrefours, the manufacturer may be liable(p) even though you may find that it exercised all reasonable care in the design, manufacture and sale of the product i n question.On the other hand, any failure of a manufacturer of a product to embrace the most modern, or even a better safeguard, does not make the manufacturer legally liable to a person injured by that product. The manufacturer is not a guarantor that nobody will get hurt in using its product, and a product is not defective or unreasonably dangerous merely because it is possible to be injured while using it. There is no business upon the manufacturer to produce a product that is accident-proof. What the manufacturer is required to do is to make a product which is free from defective and unreasonably dangerous conditions.Any consumer who receives any defective goods can make a complaint. A consumer cannot make a complaint if the defective power point. CASE STUDY Mahender purchased one Britannia Good solar day Biscuit packet and one Little Hearts biscuit packet at a ration out shop. M/s Sri Raja Rajeshwari General & Stain slight Steel Shop for Rs. 17/- and got the receipt for th e same. He took the biscuit packet to his house and handed over the Little Hearts Biscuit packet to his younger son aged about seven long time. After sometime his son started flagging. On questioning him he said that the biscuit packet had no biscuits in it.Then Mahender himself checked and found that the sealed packets did not contain any biscuit. He filed a complaint in the rule Forum. The manufacturer did nothing and denied the fork out of the biscuit packets without biscuits but filled with air. Mahindra claimed damages and payment of Rs. 60,000/- on the ground that his son kept weeping for the whole night later on seeing the empty biscuit packet. Further, the manufacturer, Britannia Company alleged that Mahindra colluded with the retail possessor and filed the complaint to extract money.Instead of accepting that some random defective pack came into the market and earn a simple matter like this, the manufacturer Britannia Company made false allegations that it was a conco cted story. The District Forum held that it is an unfair trade practice to supply empty packs without biscuits. It directed them to pay Rs. 2,000/- as hire and Rs. 500/- as costs of complaint to be paid within one month. ? DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS wrong products may cause injuries even serious injuries to an individual. In fact, it is the cause of thousands of injuries every year.This may be due to the manufacturers or to the corporations who design and sell the products but do not consider the well-being of the consumers. These manufacturers are much of profit than safety of the products. Thus, it put buyers to risk and danger. When you are injured or harm in any way by a faulty product, you should seek a defective product injury lawyers who could ease you to make the negligent party liable for producing unsafe products. These are the products that consumers buy which usually has defects Brakes Tires Airbags ascendance system such as seat belts Firearms Farm equipment Helmet Prosth etics PharmaceuticalsProducts and Strict Liability Product Liability law in India LIABILITY FOR MANUFACTURING OR DISTRIBUTING A DEFECTIVE PRODUCT IN INDIA In India, Product obligation law, in any case called products liability, governs the liability of manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and vendors for injury to a person or property caused by dangerous or defective products. The goal of product liability laws is to help protect consumers from dangerous or defective products, while holding manufacturers, distributors, and retailers responsible for putting into the market place products that they knew or should have known were dangerous or defective.Under the law, a victim has three grounds on which a defective product claim may be based and liability of the manufacturer may be established in the case 1. Marketing defects it is very important that a product includes warnings. Warnings should tell consumers about the dangers of the product, including instructions on how to u se it. Marketing defect are those products without warnings or with improper warnings about the products possible threats. 2. Manufacturing Defects- these include defects that occurred when manufacturing the product or during the process of making it. . Design defects- a flaw or defect to the product that were not detected during the design process. This defect is inherent and exists even before the product is made. Meanwhile, strict liability does not rely on the level of carefulness. It is not important whether the manufacturer exercise great care. As long as the product they produced or sold is defective and caused harm to a person, they will be held automatically liable. Also, strict liability allows a person who was injured by a defective product, to obtain honorarium from the manufacturer or seller of the product.Even if the other party is negligent, you can still get stipend for damages. This is because manufacturer, seller or retailer has a responsibility for any product they produce. Civil Product liability in India is, essentially, governed by a) The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 b) The Sales of Goods Act, 1930 c) The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (hereinafter referred to as the MRTP Act) d) The law of Torts. e) modified statues pertaining to specific goods. CASE STUDY In a Pair, one Shoe is longer than the other Anand Raj had purchased a pair of shoes from M/s. underpass Shoes Ltd. for Rs. 2,190/-. After one days use he was shocked to find that the shoes were defective as one of them was longer than the other. He rush to the shop for an exchange. That was denied to him, but they offered to rectify the defect. M/s Metro Shoes Ltd. tried to rectify the same but Anand Raj found it uncomfortable to wear even after repairs. Complaint was filed in the District Forum. Metro Shoes denied their liability and argued that the cash memo given to the purchaser reads as Exchange within 15 days for unused pair with price tag intact.It wa s not that the shoes were used extensively as they were brought to the shop immediately. During the proceedings in the District forum, Metro Shoes Limited agreed to deputize the said pair of shoes but all the same Anand Raj was put to inconvenience and forced to take matter to a consumer forum. The District Forum held Metro Shoes Ltd. deficient in service for marketing a defective product and directed them to pay Rs. 2,190/- after receiving the said pair of shoes from Anand Raj on with a compensation of Rs. 1000 and Rs. 500 as costs. Anand Raj. B. v. M/s Metro Shoes Ltd. , C.C. no. 261 of 2008, decided on 9-6-2008. What are the reliefs available to consumers? Consumer courts may grant one or more of the pursual reliefs- A) Repair of defective goods. B) Replacement of defective goods. C) Refund of price paid for the defective goods or service. D) remotion of deficiency in service. E) Refund of extra money charge. F) Withdrawal of goods hazardous to life and safety. G) Compensati on for the loss or injury suffered by the consumer due to negligence of the opposite party. H) Adequate cost of filing and engage the complaint. I) Grant of punitive damages.What Is The Legislation That Ensures All These Rights? It is the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. The act seeks to promote and protects the pastime of consumers against deficiencies and defects in goods or services. It also seeks to secure the rights of a consumer against unfair or restrictive trade practices, which may be beneficial by manufacturers and traders. There are various levels of ad judicatory authorities that are set up under the Act, which provide a forum for consumers to seek redressal of their grievances in an effective and simple manner. When can I approach a consumer court?You can approach the consumer guidance society and consumer court if the goods you have purchased have any defect in quality quantity, purity or standard. You may also do so if the service you have paid for has any fault, sho rtcoming or inadequacy. In the quality, nature and manner of performance. The inclination of services is long, including the nature of transport, telephones, electricity construction, banking, insurance, medical treatment, etc. By and large, services of Professionals such as doctors, engineers, architects, lawyers, etc find under the purview of consumer courts. What happens if I have bought the goods on installments?Even if you have partly paid for an item or service or under any method of deferred payment you can file a complaint if it is defective or deficient. Can I file a complaint in case the good is purchased for a commercial purpose? No. If the purchase of goods (or service) is for commercial or resale purpose, you cannot file a complaint in the consumer courts. You have to approach the civil court. There is an exception though. If you are a mercenary(a) person and the product (or service) is exclusively for the purpose of earning your livelihood, you may approach the cons umer court.Is there a time limitation to filing a complaint? Yes. The complaint is to be filed within two years from the date on which cause of action has arisen unless it can be proved that there was a good enough reason for filing a complaint after the lapse of two years. CASE STUDY Imported charismatic Bed Defective and Ineffective Lakshmana Reddy purchased a magnetic bed for Rs. 1,48,500/- from the Frontier Trading. This was an imported bed from lacquer, which was called Japan Life Total Sleeping System. It was supposed to help in ailments including polio, paralysis etc. books regarding this magnetic bed and leaflets were shown to Lakshmana Reddy by their actors who pursued him continuously for purchasing it. Lakshmana Reddy was a polio-paralytic patient and after victorious intensive medical treatment and physiotherapy exercises he completely recovered with regard to his right leg and to some extent with regard to his left leg within a period of two years and started walki ng by using caliper on his left leg and with the help of hand stick. In 2000, he purchased the Japan Life Sleeping System. He did not get any relief in fact, he started having giddiness.It did not make any improvement in the left lower limb vim and the experts informed him that it was unlikely to improve in future. He had no improvement in his health after purchasing and using the magnetic bed. Case was registered against the agent in the police station and the Commissioner of police also inquired about cheating by the agents. It was also published in the newspapers that this agent has been cheating not only Lakshmana Reddy but many others. The District Forum held that it was deficiency in service on the part of the agent and the rest and made them jointly and severally liable to pay a sum of Rs. ,48,500/- along with interest at 12% p. a. from 01. 04. 2000 till the date of payment with compensation of Rs. 10,000/- and Rs. 1,000/- as costs. WHO CAN FILE A COMPLAINT? A consumer Any v oluntary consumer organization registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or under the Companies Act, 1956 or under any other law for the time being in force The Central presidency The State Government or Union Territory Administrations One or more consumers on behalf of legion(predicate) consumers, having the same interest (Class action complaints) WHERE TO FILE A COMPLAIN If the cost of goods or services and compensation asked for is up to Rs five laky, then the complaint can be filed in the District Forum locate at Pushpa Heights, Pune Satara Highway, Bhiwandi corner. If the cost of goods or services and compensation asked for is more than Rs five lakh , but less than Rs 20 lakh then the complaint can be filed before the State Commission notified by the State Government or Union Territory concerned If the cost of goods or services and compensation asked for exceeds Rs 20 lakh then the complaint can be filed before the National Commission at New Delhi.FILING PROCEDUR E PROCEDURE FOR FILING COMPLAINT A complaint can be filed by a complainant against the seller, manufacturer, or dealer of goods which are defective or against the provider of services, if they are deficient in any manner whatsoever. An unfair trade practice or restrictive trade practice can also invite complaint. A complaint can be a- (a) Consumer to whom such goods are sold or delivered or agreed to be sold or delivered or such service provided or agreed to be provided (b) A firm registered or unregistered (c) An individual (d) Hindoo Undivided Family. e) A cooperative society or any other association of persons (f) The Central or the State Government and (g) in case of death of a consumer his legal heirs of representatives Along with the complaint, the complainant is required to file copies of supporting documents, i. e. , cash memo, receipts, agreements, etc. The complainant is required to file 3 copies of the complaint, together with enclosures, for functionary purpose plus co pies for the number of Opposite Parties. The complaint should be filed along with fee in the form of Postal Order/ Demand Draft according to the amount of compensation claimed.JURISDICTION FOR FILING COMPLAINTS In terms of the provisions contained in the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, complaints- 1. Where the value of goods or services and compensation, if any, claimed below Rs. Twenty Lacs or upto Rs. Twenty Lacs, can be filed before State Commission. 1. Where the value of goods or services and compensation, if any, claimed exceeds Rs. Twenty Lacs but does not exceed Rs. One crore, can be filed before State Commission. The complaints can be filed at the Filing Counter of the State Commission on every working day from 10. 30 a. m. to 1. 30 p. m.

Existentialism and Metamorphosis Essay

Existentialism is defined as a modern philosophical hunting expedition stressing the importance of stars experience and accountability. Its focus is the make on the personal reflections that these make on the individual, who is seen as a free agent in a deterministic and seemingly meaningless universe. Its philosophical system is meticulous that, in a nutshell, advocates a diverse arsenal of responses and solutions to the existentialist attitude which, essentially, is what an individual feels when confronted by the absurdity of life. Through break through humanity, rumination and self-proclaimed ultimate truths have assumed various forms poetry, religion, and numerous other doctrines and textual works.In The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka narrates the ramifications of a metamorphosis in which the subject and protagonist, a man named Gregor Samsa, is transformed into a bug. condescension the novellas literary methods and influences, the most prominent being the way Kafka so nonchalpis mirely describes such(prenominal) irregularity in his life, The Metamorphosis is also hailed as a prime textual work of existentialism, the previously mentioned philosophical movement. Both prior and subsequent to the transformation, Kafka portrays Gregor as a man who seems lost within himself, and absent identity operator. The reminiscences of his past are neither nostalgic nor poignant his human life is seen to revolve resolely virtually trivial matters. His social life pays the price from this, his failure to assert a concrete and consistent existence. The consummation of his lack of individuality is further exemplified by his reaction to the metamorphosis finding himself transformed in his screw into a gigantic insect (Kafka, 296), he prioritizes work over all else, even in his fresh equated insect form.Furthermore, he panics because the next train went at seven oclock to catch that he would need to hurry like mad and his samples werent even packed up (297). Gregors iden tity crisis is a device for transfering Kafkas judgment of an impersonal society where individualism is drastically rationalise as a result of excessive materialism. Gregor, in the context of Fyodor Dostoyevskys Notes from Underground analogy, would be the ant in the anthill thus rendering his metamorphosis ironically. Another dominant theme prevalent passim the novella is the absurd situation Gregor is confronted by. These nonsensical happenings (296-327) reflect the world as seen from the existentialist perspective a world absent of a rational and comprehensive objective. Jean-Paul Sartre postulated that every existing thing is born without reason, prolongs itself out of weakness, and dies by chance.This meaninglessness is precisely what Gregor is victim to in the microcosm of society that Kafka generates Gregor flounders about, beleaguered by absurdity and helplessness, presumably because he is unaware of Nietzsche and Kierkegaards somewhat consoling conclusions that one must devise meaning for ones own existence ex nihilo. Once again, Kafka utilizes a combination of plot and character to convey his angst concerning an apparently pointless existence. Freedom or rather the lack thereof is another existentialist tenet that Kafka addresses. Gregor is depicted as someone constrained by self-imposed burdens, the most demanding being the role as the financial pillar of the family. Despite having the freedom to repudiate this role, Gregor instead pursues it with feverish ardor to the extent that it becomes his sole desire (310).Yet his harangue regarding his career (297-298) reveals that this is not due to personal desire, but rather the belief that he must replace his father financially, regardless of preference. Gregors delusion regarding an absence of choice contradicts what Kafka perceives as the truth that freedom is ubiquitous in spite of any ethical obligations we may be pass judgment to adhere to, and that the individual defines his or herself via one s decisions. A quasi-motto of existentialism coined by Sartre, existence precedes plaza. In conclusion, Kafka employs the fictional literary elements he constructs to address the very non-fictional, existentialist aspects of society and life. Akin to Dostoyevskys Notes from Underground, it can be interpreted as both a rumination and tirade against impersonal communities, labor of freedom, and the absurdity of life.

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 16

Stefan was surprised to find Mrs. Flowers waiting for them when they returned from their picnic. And, also unusu completelyy, she had something to say that didnt involve her gardens.There is a meat for you upstairs, she said, jerking her head toward the narrow staircase. It came from a dark issue fellow he savoured somewhat akin you. He wouldnt leave a word with me. Just asked where to leave a message.Dark fellow? Damon? Elena asked.Stefan agitate his head. What would he want to be leaving me messages for?He leave Elena with Mrs. Flowers and hastened up the crazy, zigzagging stairs. At the top he be a piece of paper stuffed under the door.It was a Thinking of You menu, sans envelope. Stefan, who knew his brother, doubted that it had been paid for with m unmatchabley, at least. Inside, in heavy black felt-tipped pen, were the wordsDONT NEED THIS.THOUGHT ST. STEFAN MIGHT.MEET ME TONIGHT AT THE TREEWHERE THE gentle domain CRASHED.NO LATER THAN 430A.M .ILL GIVE YOU THE SCOOP. D.That was allexcept for a Web address.Stefan was about to throw out the label in the waste basketball hoop when curiosity assailed him. He turned on thecomputer, directed it to the proper website, and watched. For a while, nothing happened. Then real dark gray letters on a black subterfuge appeared. To a human, it would contract appeared to be a completely blank screen. To vampires, with their in high spiritser visual acuity, the gray on black was faint nevertheless clear.Tired of that lapis lazuli?Want to take a vacation in Hawaii?Sick of that akin old liquid cuisine?Come and visit Shi no Shi.Stefan st machinati mavind to conterminous the page, precisely something stop him. He sat and stared at the inconspicuous little ad beneath the song until he heard Elena at the door. He quickly closed the computer and went to take the picnic basket from her. He said nothing about the note or what hed seen on the computer screen. and as the night went on, he legal opinion more an d more.Oh Stefan, youll break my ribs You squeezed all my breath outIm sorry. I respectable need to hold you.Well, I need to hold you, too.Thank you, angel.Everything was quiet in the room with the high ceiling. One window was open, letting the moon erupt with. In the sky, even the moon seemed to creep stealthily along, and the tool of moonlight followed it on the hardwood floor.Damon smiled. He had had a long, restful day and directly he meant to have an arouse night.Getting through the window wasnt quite as easy as hed take careed. When he arrived as a huge, glossy black crow, he was expecting to balance on the windowsill and change to human form to open the window. simply the window had a trap on it it was linked by Power to one of the intermissioners inside. Damon puzzled over it, preening himself viciously, afraid to put some(prenominal) tension on that thin link, when something arrived beside him in a flutter of wings.It looked bid no respectable crow ever register ed in the sighting book of any ornithologist. It was sleek enough, but its wings were tipped with scarlet, and it had golden, shining look.Shinichi?Damon asked.Who else?came the reply as a golden eye fixed on him.I see you have a problem. But it target be fixed. Ill deepen their sleep so that you can cut the link.DontDamon said reflexively.If you so such(prenominal) as touch either of them, Stefan will The answer came in soothing tones.Stefans unsloped a boy, phone? Trust me. You do swan me, dont you?And it worked out exactly as the demonically colored bird said it would. The sleepers inside slept more deeply, and on that pointfore more deeply still.A split second later the window opened, and Damon changed form and was inside. His brother andand shethe one he alwayshad to watchshewas lying asleep, her golden vibrissa lying crossways the remain and lying across his brothers body.Damon tore his eyes away. There was a medium-sized, some outdated computer on the desk in the corner. He went over to it and without the sligh raise hesitation turned it on. The twain on the bed never stirred.Filesaha.Diary. How original a name. Damon opened it and examined the contents.Dear Diary,I woke up this morning and admiration of marvels Immeagain. I walk, prate, drink, wet the bed ( substantially, I havent yet, but Im sure I could if I tried).Im back.Its been one madhouse of a journey.I died, dearest Diary, I rattling died. And then I died as a vampire. And dont expect me to describe what happened either time debate me you had to be there.The important thing is that I was bypast, but now Im back again and, oh, dear patient whizz who has been keeping my secrets since kindergartenI am so blithe to be back.On the debit side, I can never live with Aunt Judith or Margaret again. They look Im resting in peace with the angels. On the credit side, I can live with Stefan.This is the compensation for all Ive been through I dont know how to compensate those who went to the very gates of Hell forme. Oh, Im tired and might as well say it eager for a night with my darling.Im very happy. We had a fine day, laughing and loving, and watching separately of my friends faces as they saw mealive (And notinsane, which I gather is how I have been acting the past few days. Honestly, youd prize Great Spirits Inna Sky could have dropped me off with my marbles all in order. Oh, well.)Love ya,ElenaDamons eyes skimmed over these lines impatiently. He was looking for something quite different. Ah. Yes. This was more like itMy dearest Elena,I knew you would look here sooner or later. I hope you never have to see it at all. If youre culture this, then Damon is a traitor, or something else has gone terribly wrong.A traitor? That seemed a little strong, Damon thought, hurt, but also burning with an intense desire to get on with his task.Im going out to the woods to talk to him tonight if I dont come back, youll know where to start asking questions.The tru th is that I dont exactly determine the situation. Earlier today, Damon sent me a card with a Web address on it. Ive put the card under your pillow, love.Oh damn, thought Damon. It was going to be hard to get that card without waking her. But he had to do it.Elena, follow this Web link. Youll have to dither with the brightness controls because its been created for vampire eyes hardly. What the link seems to be saying is that there is a place calledShi no Shi literally translated, it says, asthe Death of Death, where they can remove this damn which has haunted me for almost half a millennium. They use magic and science in combination to limit former vampires to simple men and women, boys and girls.If they truly can do this, Elena, we can be together for as long as ordinary people live. Thats all I ask of life.I want it. I want to have the chance to stand before you as an ordinary breathing, eating human.But dont worry.Im just going to talk with Damon about this. You dont need t o command me to stay. I would never leave you with all the goings-on in Fells Church right now. Its too dangerous for you, especially with your new blood and your new aura.I micturate that Im trusting Damon more than I probably should. But of one thing I am receivedhe would never harm you.He loves you. How can he divine service it?Still, I have to meet with him at least, on his terms, alone at a particular location in the wood. Then well see what we see.As I said before, if youre reading this letter, it means that something has gone drastically wrong. Defend yourself, love. Dont be afraid. Trust yourself. And trust your friends. They can all help you.I trust Matts instinctive protectiveness for you, Merediths judgment, and Bonnies intuition. Tell them to remember that.Im hoping that you never have to read this,with all my love, my heart, my soul,StefanP.S. Just in case, there is $20,000 in hundred-dollar bills under the second floorboard from the wall, across from the bed. Right now the rocking chair is over it. Youll see the crack easily if you move the chair.Carefully, Damon deleted the words in this file. Then, with one corner of his mouth quirked up, he carefully, silently typed in new words with a quite an different meaning. He read them over. He smiled brilliantly. Hed always fancied himself a writer no clod training of course, but he felt he had an instinctive flair for it.And that was Step One accomplished, Damon thought, conservation the file with his words instead of Stefans.Then, noiselessly, he walked to where Elena was sleeping, spooned behind Stefan on the narrow bed.Now for Step Two.Slowly, very slowly, Damon slipped his fingers under the pillow on which Elenas head rested. He could feel Elenas hair where it spilled on her pillow in the moonlight, and the ache that it awoke was more in his chest than in his canines. Inching his fingers under the pillow, he searched for something smooth.Elena murmured in her sleep and abruptly turned over . Damon almost jumped back into the shadows, but Elenas eyes were shut, her lashes a thick inky crescent on her cheeks.She was facing him now, but strangely Damon didnt find himself tracing the pitiful veins in her fair, smooth skin. He found himself staring hungrily at her slightly parted lips. They werealmost impossible to resist. Even in sleep they were the color of rose petals, slightly moist, and parted that way.I could do it very lightly. She would never know. I could, I know I could. I feel invincible tonight.As he bent toward her his fingers moved(p) cardboard.It seemed to jerk him out of a dream world. What had he been theoriseing? Risking everything, all his plans, for akiss ? There would be softwood of time for kisses and other, much more important things later.He slipped the little card out from under the pillow and put it in his pocket.Then he became a crow and vanished from the windowsill.Stefan had long ago perfected the art of sleeping only until a certain mome nt, then awakening. He did this now, glancing at the clock on the blanket to confirm that it was fourA.M . exactly.He didnt want to awaken Elena.He dressed soundlessly and exited the window by the same route his brother had only as a set up. Somewhere, he was sure Damon was being made a fool by someone using malachs to make him their puppet. And Stefan, still pumped up with Elenas blood, felt that he had a duty to stop them.The note Damon had delivered had directed him to the tree where the mankind had crashed. Damon would also want to continually revisit that tree until hed traced the malach puppets to their puppeteer.He swooped, drifted, and once almost gave a mouse a heart flack catcher by stooping down on it suddenly before rocketing skyward again.And then, in midair, as he saw evidence of a car hitting a tree, he changed from a glorious hawk to a young man with dark hair, a pale face, and intensely green eyes.He drifted, light as a snowflake, down to the ground and gazed i n each direction, using all his vampire senses to test the area. He could feel nothing of a trap no animosity, just the unmistakable signs of the trees violent fight. He stayed human to climb the tree that bore the psychic imprint of his brother.He wasnt chilly as he climbed the oak his brother had been lounging in when the accident had taken place at his feet. He had too much of Elenas blood running through him to feel the cold. But he was apprised that this area of the forest was oddly cold that something was keeping it that way. why? Hed already claimed the rivers and forests that ran through Fells Church, so why take up lodgement here without telling him? Whatever it was, it would have to present itself before him eventually, if it wanted to stay in Fells Church. why wait? he wondered, as he squatted on the branch.He felt Damons presence coming at him long before his senses would have noticed it in the days before Elenas transformation, and he kept himself from flinching. so rt of he turned with his back to the trunk of the tree and looked outward. He could feel Damon speeding toward him, faster and faster, stronger and stronger and then Damon should have been there, standing before him, but he wasnt.Stefan fr possess.It always pays to look up, little brother, advised a charming voice above him, and then Damon, who had been clinging to the tree like a lizard, did a forward befuddle and landed on Stefans branch.Stefan said nothing, merely examining his older brother. At last he said, Youre in beneficial spirits.Ive had a sumptuous day, Damon said. Shall I name them off to you? There was the greeting-card shop girlElizabeth, and my dear friend Damaris, whose husband works in Bronston, and little young Teresa who volunteers at the library, andStefan sighed. Sometimes I think you could remember the name of every girl youve bled in your life, but you forget my name on a incessant basis, he said.Nonsenselittle brother. Now, since Elena has undoubtedly exp lained to you just what happened when I tried to rescue your miniature enchant Bonnie I feel Im due an apology.And sinceyou sent me a note that I can only construe as provocative, I really feelIm due an explanation.Apology first, Damon rapped out. And then, in long-suffering tones, Im sure you think its bad enough, having ensured Elena when she was dying that you would look after me forever. But you never seem to realize that I had to promise the same thing, and Im not exactly the caretaking type. Now that shes not dead anymore, maybe we should just forget it.Stefan sighed again. each(prenominal) right, all right. I apologize. I was wrong. I shouldnt have thrown you out. Is that enough?Im not sure you really mean it. Try it once more, with feel Damon, what in Gods name was the website about?Oh. I thought it was rather clever they got the colors so close that only vampires or witches or such could read it, whereas humans would just see a blank screen.But how did you find out a bout it?Ill tell you in a moment. But just think of it, little brother. You and Elena, on the perfect little honeymoon, just two more humans in a world of humans. The sooner you go, the sooner you can sing nick Dong, the Corpse Is DeadI still want to know how youjust happened to come across this website.All right. I keep back it Ive been suckered into the age of technology at last. I have my own website. And a very helpful young man contacted me just to see whether I really meant the things I said on it or if I was just a frustrated idealist. I figured that description fit you.You a website? I dont believe Damon ignored him. I passed the message along because Id already heard of the place, theShi no Shi .TheDeath of Death , it said.Thats how it was translated to me. Damon turned a thousand-kilowatt smile on Stefan, boring into him, until finally Stefan turned away, feeling as if hed been exposed to the sun without his lapis ring.As a matter of fact, Damon went on chattily, Ive i nvited the fellow himself to come and to explain it to you.You didwhich ?He should be here at 444 exactly. Dont blame me for the timing its something special to him.And then with very little fuss, and certainly no Power at all that Stefan could discern, something landed in the tree above them and dropped down to their branch, changing as it did.It was, indeed, a young man, with fire-tipped black hair and serene golden eyes. As Stefan swung toward him, he held up two hands in a gesture of helplessness and surrender.Who the hell are you?Im the hell Shinichi, the young man said easily. But, as I told your brother, most people call me just Shinichi. Of course, its up to you.And you know all about the Shi no Shi.Nobody knows all about it. Its a place and an organization. Im a little fond(p) to it because Shinichi looked shy well, I guess I just like to help people.And now you want to help me.If you truly want to become humanI know a way.Ill just leave the two of you to talk about it , shall I? said Damon. Threes a crowd, especially on this branch.Stefan looked at him sharply. If you have any slightest thought of stopping by the boardinghouseWith Damaris already waiting for me? Honestly, little brother. And Damon changed to crow form before Stefan could ask him to give his sworn word.Elena turned over in bed, reaching automatically for a fond(p) body next to her. What her fingers found, however, was a cool, Stefan-shaped hollow. Her eyes opened. Stefan?The darling. They were so in tune that it was like being one person he always knew when she was about to wake up. Hed probably gone down to get her breakfast Mrs. Flowers always had it steaming hot for him when he went down (further proof that she was a witch of the black-and-blue variety) and Stefan brought up the tray.Elena, she said, testing her old-new voice just to hear herself talk. Elena Gilbert, girl, you have had too many breakfasts in bed. She patted her stomach. Yes, definitely in need of exercise. All right, then, she said, still aloud. Start with limbering up and breathing. Then some mild stretching. All of which, she thought, could be put aside when Stefan showed up.But Stefan didnt show up, even when she lay exhausted from a full hours routine.And he wasnt coming up the stairs, bringing up a cup of tea, either.Where was he?Elena looked out their one-view window and caught a glimpse of Mrs. Flowers below.Elenas heart had begun beating hard during her aerobic exercise and had never really slowed down properly. though it was likely impossible to start a conversation with Mrs. Flowers this way she shouted down, Mrs. Flowers?And, wonder of wonders, the lady stopped pinning a sheet on the clothesline and looked up. Yes, Elena dear?Wheres Stefan?The sheet billowed around Mrs. Flowers and made her disappear. When the billow straightened out, she was gone.But Elena had her eyes on the laundry basket. It was still there. She shouted, Dont go away and hastened to put on jeans and her new blue top. Then, hopping down the stairs as she buttoned, she burst out into the back garden.Mrs. FlowersYes, Elena dear?Elena could just see her amongst billowing yards of white fabric. Have you seen Stefan?Not this morning, dear.Not atall ?I get up with the dawn, regular. His car was gone then, and it hasnt come back.Now Elenas heart was pounding in good earnest. Shed always been afraid of something like this. She took one deep breath and ran back up the staircase without pausing.Note, noteHed never leave her without a note. And there was no note on his pillow. Then she thought ofher pillow.Her hands scrabbled frantically under it, and then under his pillow. At first she didnt turn the pillows over, because she wanted so badly for the note to be there and because she was so afraid of what it might say.At last, when it was clear that there was nothing under those pillows but the bed sheet, she flipped them and stared at the empty white blankness for a long time. Then she pull ed the bed away from the wall, in case the note had fallen down behind it.Somehow she felt that if she just kept looking, she must find it. In the end shed shaken out all the bedding and ended up staring at the white sheets again, accusingly, ever so often running her hands over them.And that ought to be good, because it meant Stefan hadntgone somewhere except that shed left the closet door open and she could see, without even meaning to, a bunch of empty hangers.Hed taken all his clothes.And emptiness on the bottom of the closet.Hed taken every pair of shoes.Not that he had ever owned much. But everything that he needed to make a trip away was gone and he was gone.Why? Where? Howcould he?Even if it turned out that hed left in order to scout them out a new place to live, howcould he? Hed get the fight of his life when he came back if he came back.Chilled to the bone, aware that tears were running unmeant and almost unnoticed down her cheeks, she was about to call up Meredith and Bonnie when she thought of something.Her diary.