Emergence of Malls in India

Malls as we understand, is a form of organized retailing. They lend an ideal shopping experience with an amalgamation of product, service and entertainment, all under a common roof. Before going into the details of emergence of malls, let's see how the Indian retail sector has evolved over the years and how the concepts of malls came into being. The era of rural retail industry could be categorized into two formats:  weekly markets  and  village fairs.Primarily, weekly formats catered to the daily necessities of villagers. Village fairs were larger in size with a wide variety of goods sold from food, clothing, cosmetics and small consumer durables. The traditional era saw the emergence of the neighborhood ‘Kirana' store to cater to the convenience of the Indian consumers. The era of government support saw indigenous franchise model of store chains run by Khadi ; Village Industries Commission. The KVIC has a countrywide chain of 7000 plus stores in India.This period also w itnessed the emergence of shopping centers with car parking facility. The modern era has a host of small and large formats with exclusive outlets showcasing a complete range of products. The department stores and shopping malls targeting to provide a complete destination experience for all segments of the society. The hyper and super markets are consistently trying to provide the customer with the 3 Vs (Value, Variety ; Volume).Over the last three years, this sector has witnessed an exorbitant growth due to the establishment of numerous international quality formats to suit the Indian purchase behavior, the improvement in retail processes, the development of retail specific properties and the emergence of both domestic and international organizations has witnessed the emergence of malls. it is not just the north of the country that is seeing a furious construction of malls. Visakhapatnam, a fast-growing city in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, is witnessing a huge demand for sh opping malls.The biggest of them, CMR Shopping Mall, occupies 60,000 square feet over five floors. The throngs of buyers who visit the mall are working class and office employees of the numerous public and private sector outfits that are based in Visakhapatnam. Similarly, Ahmedabad in western India is slowly becoming a magnet for shopping malls. More than half a dozen malls have sprung up in Ahmedabad, known as a fading city of dying textile mills until a few years back. The biggest of them, aptly called Super Mall, occupies a gargantuan 90,000 square feet and has 200 shops in its folds.But the biggest mall-construction activity in India is taking place, as expected, in Mumbai, the country's financial and business capital. In all, 25 malls are under construction, each measuring anything between 90,000 and 600,000 square feet. A hefty Rs. 4 billion (US $87 million) is being pumped into these projects by 20 investors. About a dozen malls are already up and running in the up-market sou th side of the city, as well as the downmarket distant suburbs. Making the job easier for the anchors is a gradual change in the Indian economy from a socialistic to a capitalistic one.This has led to a rise in the numbers of middle-class consumers, their wallets stuffed with more disposable income. According to one estimate, over the past three years, consumer spending has increased at a respectable rate of 12% per annum. Another reason for the ongoing boom in mall activity is the opportunity to retailers for a greater accessibility to real estate at affordable prices. Part of this is due to easier availability of bank and institutional finance. And in places such as Mumbai, the freeing up of much-needed real estate.This has happened with the many closed textile mills in the central part of the city now being allowed to exploit their real estate for other commercial purposes. Investors are attracted by the 14% returns in the malls business, compared to 11% in the office segment and 6% in the residential segment. For the young crowd, malls have become areas in which to â€Å"hang out†, to catch up with friends in stores like Cafe Coffee Day and Barista, each vying to be the Starbucks of India. There's also an entertainment factor, with more and more of the youngsters beginning to see shopping as an enjoyable thing to pass the time.

Duong Nguyen Essays - Culture, Wedding, Asia, Clothing, Free Essays

Duong Nguyen Essays - Culture, Wedding, Asia, Clothing, Free Essays Duong Nguyen Professor C.Chwat English 1101 March 12, 2016 Compare and Contrast Essay between Vietnam and the United States United States and Vietnam are two distinctive countries with many differences. The two countries are on different continents, and there is a wide difference between the two countries. The culture, beliefs and practices of the people are different. However, as the world becomes more global, and as people become more exposed to different cultures, the differences between them seem to be narrowing. This is because of the willingness of the people to adopt different cultures, while at the same time maintain some of the elements of their own culture. There are several similarities and differences between the United States and Vietnam, specifically, in wedding ceremonies, food and the education system. Wedding ceremonies are significant for couples in both countries. The weddings in both countries are organized, and there are certain rituals that the couple intending to get married has to observe, before and during the wedding ceremony. In both countries, couples have engagement ceremon ies before holding a wedding ceremony. Also, the couples exchange rings during the wedding. In addition, the couple often holds a reception after the end of the wedding ceremony. The wedding reception is a time for the couple to share one of the most important days in their lives with their families and friends. In both countries, the couple often receives gifts from friends and family. The wedding ceremonies in America and Vietnam are different in several ways.The engagement ceremony in America involves the couple only and is often an intimate affair. The couple's decision to get married does not depend on the parents' opinion. In Vietnam, the engagement ceremony involves the couple and their families, since the couple has to ask for permission to get married. The couple's decision to get married depends of their parents' opinion. If the parents disapprove of the future spouse and does not approve of the marriage, then the couple does not get married. Many American brides prefer a white wedding dress. This is different in Vietnam, where red is the preferred color for the wedding dress, since it represents good luck and fortune. American wedding ceremonies can take place almost anywhere, depending on what the couple decides. This ranges from the church, government offices, beaches, gardens, among other areas. This is different from Vietnamese weddings, since the ceremony has to begin in front of an altar.In America, the groom waits for the bride at the wedding venue. In Vietnam, the groom's family has to go to the bride's house on the day of the wedding, and the bride's parents have to give their consent for the wedding to take place. In America, people such as religious and government leaders have the authority of marrying the couple. In Vietnam, the couple's parents can wed their children legally. In America, the couple is free to choose the wedding reception of their choice. Some couples choose to hold a simple wedding reception with very few friends and re latives. This is different in Vietnam. The wedding reception is a grand affair, where the couple invites many people. In America, the guests invited to the wedding can give their gifts at any time, including before the wedding. In Vietnam, the couples receive gifts from the guests at the wedding reception. In America, the couple decides which day their wedding will take place. In Vietnam, many couples seek the counsel of a fortuneteller, to tell them the most appropriate day for their wedding. Americans and Vietnamese enjoy having a wide variety of food options. People have the freedom to eat what they please. Both cultures eat cooked foods and vegetables, and they add fruits to their diets. They both use a variety of meat sources in their diet. In both countries, people eat three main meals of breakfast, lunch, and dinner during the day. Americans and Vietnamese use some culinary items when eating. The food and food cultures in the two countries differ in different ways. Food in th e two countries differs by region. In America, southern foods are different from the foods cooked in the other regions. This is the case in Vietnam, where the food in the northern parts differs

Foreign Direct Investment Essays

Foreign Direct Investment Essays Foreign Direct Investment Essay Foreign Direct Investment Essay Foreign Direct Investment Name: Course: Instructor: : Institution: Date: Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investments are the investments made by a company situated in one country to another company situated in another county. The company investing may make its investments by forming a subsidiary or an associate company in the country it is making investments. For example, a European company may take a majority stake in a company in Japan. The foreign direct investments cause an increase in growth, in the developing countries. It does this by accumulating capital in the developing country. FDI promotes the use of new inputs and foreign technology in the production process. It acts as a complement to the developing countries. It enables technological advancements in the developing countries. These technologies enable economic growth since they are efficient. In addition, these are the same technologies used by the multinational firms. This enables production good quality products enabling the developing countries to gain competitive advantage in the market. Technological ad vancement enables long-term economic growth in the developing countries (Cohen Oxford University Press, 2007). The foreign exchange rate policy also affects the developing countries economic growth. The foreign direct investments enable the developing countries to practice the key exchange rate reforms. This enables it to eradicate the real exchange rate misalignments. In turn, this enables the developing countries to experience a growth in their GDP. In addition, the foreign exchange rate policy enables trade liberalization. This enables the developing countries to experience an improvement in their international trade. They are able to trade with more countries by maintaining a constant high trade pattern, than before. By trading with more countries, they enjoy greater exports as compared to the imports. This prevents them from experiencing a deficit in their balance of trade. In turn, the developing countries gain access to the foreign currency that comes from the trade. This improves the developing country’s economic growth. The countries are also able to improve their terms of tra de. It can do this by raising their export prices permanently. This, in turn, increases the countries national income causing a growth in GDP. FDI enables the provision of capital to the developing countries. The multinational companies enable the transfer of capital in order to support the domestic savings. This leads to an increase in the domestic capital for the developing countries. This, in turn, increases the domestic investment. In addition, FDI increases the growth of the developing countries through promoting the returns in production. This is aided by its externalities and the spill over effects. FDI provides a knowledge channel for the developing countries. It provides knowledge to the countries engaging themselves in FDI. Example, FDI increases the flow of knowledge to the Japanese firms engaging in FDI. It also enables the provision of employment, which in turn raises the living standards of people. A new stock measure of the FDI centered on the employment enables access to a long-term effect of FDI in the states involved. This, in turn, increases growth in the developing countries, which finally increases the GDP. FDI helps in reducing the inflation rate and the government consumption, which in turn raises the GDP in the developing countries. Inflation control is a great macroeconomic stabilization policy. It is important for inflation to be controlled in order for the developing countries’ GDP to increase. On the other and, increasing the government spending reduces economic growth in the developing countries. Therefore, FDI helps in the reduction of inflation and government spending, a great barrier in the developing countries. With the achievement of this, the developing countries enjoy an increase in their GDP (Cohen Oxford University Press, 2007). References Cohen, S. D., Oxford University Press. (2007). Multinational corporations and foreign direct investment: Avoiding simplicity, embracing complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Example for Teachers Late Work Policy

Example for Teachers Late Work Policy Here is an example of a late work and make-up work policy that a teacher would hand out to students and parents at the beginning of the year. This was created using the article, How to Deal with Late Work and Make-Up Work. To be regarded on time, work must be completed by the beginning of the period on the day it is due. Short homework assignments will be stamped on time only at the beginning of the period. If we go over answers to the previous nights homework, you should copy answers while we check homework to save as a review, but you will not get credit for having done your homework. If the homework is collected without answers being given in class, you may turn it in the following day with a late penalty. Unfinished homework is not accepted. Larger graded assignments may be turned in late with a one-grade penalty for each day late. They will not be accepted after the fourth day they are due. You may not work on late homework instead of the days assignment. Attempts to do so will result in a zero for the late work. In the case of excused absences, you have two extra days for each excused absence not counting the day of your return. Since your assignment will have to be changed to a comparable assignment if graded assignments are returned before yours are turned in, you should ask me if you need to get an alternate assignment so you dont have to do two instead of one. Work due on the day of an unexcused absence receives a grade of zero. Long term assignments (assignments made at least two weeks in advance) are due the day of your return from an excused absence. If you are in school but excused from this class, you must turn in long range assignments between classes or at the beginning of lunch time in order to avoid late penalties.

Exploring Human Nature and Destruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring Human Nature and Destruction - Essay Example For some it is to do in good for one another, for others it is just to make it another day. Human nature consists of moments of love, hate, passion, living and dying. In this case, it is destruction, both in war conflict and from the standpoint of considering suicide to end an internal war. A person is born and a person will die but it is what the person does in between these two milestones that is of importance. The purpose of life is unknown but while these writers look at a reflection of human nature, only each individual can narrate their own story. When looking at the references that William Manchester discusses, he analyzes the concept of war. He includes in his essay about Okinawa the concept that war has existed for several years. Manchester uses World War II as a reference discussing how it came to an end eventually with the United States being crippled in the middle of war by its opponents. Using a landing force, a fleet of 1200 ships as part of the United States invasion i n Okinawa, the people on these ships were subjected to attack from other ships in the sea and from the dropping of deadly bombs from the air. When analyzing the two enemy forces, the goals were similar: to destroy one another. The Japanese planned to attack the United States Marines as they approached the island by sinking the ships. Alternately, the Marines were on a mission to attack the Japanese by creeping onto shore and driving them into the sea (Manchester). While this is just a simple narrative of a historical event that deeply impacted the United States, it is evident that human nature was at work here. Both Americans and Japanese fighters were together in combat but were working against each other. Both sides of the war saw their opponents as enemies and the goal was to kill or destroy. Each side desired to win the victory of the war. Human nature is at work here because by just where a person was born determined which side they fought on. While many outsiders rarely know t he purpose of a war, the goal is always for their country to be victorious. It is like rooting for a team, wanting to see the opponents walk away, holding their heads in shame. Everyone wants to be on the winning team. Though human nature is not necessarily to kill, it is to fight for one's own side. When looking at this issue further, these U.S. Marines did not know each other when they walked into battle but they became teammates, fighting for their country, fighting for their lives and most of all, fighting for each other. Outside of war, they may have had nothing in common but in war, they let down all guards and help each other toward a common goal. Being an American or being Japanese gave each person in this war an identity. This defines battle lines and identifies the enemy. Marines more than likely had a feeling of hatred toward their Japanese enemies and as a result, aimed toward destroying them. When it comes to human nature, what goes on in one's mind that causes destruct ion? In war, it is the motive to devote oneself to their country and pray to come home to their families alive. However, some people self destruct as well, fighting a battle against themselves. This issue is discussed by Hoagland's essay discussing â€Å"Heaven and Nature,† and describes suicide. A person that is contemplating suicide is instead at war with themselves. Human nature is a different force here where a

Professional and Strategic Communications Essay

Professional and Strategic Communications - Essay Example It therefore fuses the pushing and the delivering through the communication of the best message through the right channels as measured against a well-considered communication-specific and organizational goals. Strategic communication always involves different professional disciplines that may include management, technical communication, advertising and media relations amongst other relevant disciplines. Successful strategic communication must endeavour to communicate in order to influence a target audience or group of individuals and must be rational and authentic. Therefore, strategic communication concerns itself with planning for the future, implementation of specific tactics and taking into consideration the dynamism of the environment. This paper explores both professional and strategic communication through the exploration of the important role that behaviour change plays in successful communication and the challenges in the management of communication. For effective profession al and tactful communication, it is important that the person or the organization observes certain factors. The person communicating must be able to determine his objective before embarking on the communication in that you should understand the message before expressing it to others as establishing the goal will make the communication is concise and appropriate. It is important to consider your relationship to the audience or the persons to whom the communication is intended to by keeping and adhering to your professional status in mind as you communicate to the audience in anticipation of their reaction to the message being conveyed. The person communicating must use the appropriate terminology to demonstrate his professionalism and competence in passing the message across. Professional communication dictate that the person stays in control of his body language as the audience normally evaluates the message and its intention based on the posturing and the choice or words as even th e most tactful message can repel an audience. Azjen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as espoused by Icek Ajzen is important as it helps us in the understanding the transformation in behaviour of a person as it predicts deliberate behaviour or that behaviour that has been planned. It was developed after the discovery of the fact that behaviour is not always fully voluntary and under control which was later taken as perceived behavioural control. Therefore, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) states that the actions by human beings are guided by three considerations which include the behavioural beliefs which are those that are due to the consequences of behaviour and normative beliefs that are those beliefs about the normative expectations of others. Another consideration is the control beliefs that are the belief about the presence of factors that may expedite or impede the performance of behaviour. These considerations argued by Ajz en are important in the changing of the behaviour of human beings. It is important

The Necessity of Human Touch in the Early Childhood Education Essay

The Necessity of Human Touch in the Early Childhood Education Classroom - Essay Example By changing laws and educating parents and teachers about good and bad touch, it is possible to increase positive touch in the classroom, while still maintaining a strong stance on child molestation and abuse. One of the primary concerns of educators is the potential for lawsuits when they touch students. While less than 1% of cases of child abuse stem from child care facilities, these centers are increasingly putting up barriers between teachers and children, in an attempt to limit lawsuits (Heller 1). Sharon Heller, an expert on infant touch, shares that many of these rules include such ideas as "caregivers are told to let hugs come from children, to not put children on their lap, and to not help children in the bathroom" (1). Children who spend the vast majority of their days in child care will receive increasingly less touch, to protect the teachers from lawsuits. This issue arises from the lack of understanding of parents, educators or children of the difference between positive and negative touch. Positive touch is any touch that indicates to a child that they are important, and that their feelings matter. This touch is always friendly in nature, and needs to be approved by both chi ld and adult. Negative touch is any touch that is not desired by one of the two people involved, or involves touching of any genital areas, often called "the swimsuit region." Nan Stein, an expert and Ed.D, suggests "It's absurd to outlaw touch in the name of preventing sexual harassment" (Milo 5). The importance of touch in human development has been known since H.P Harlow did his research on monkeys in 1958. He showed that baby monkeys would choose a cuddly fake monkey over a plain wire monkey who provided food (Milo 3). Historically, a lack of human touch has been linked to hyperactivity, superficial relationships, disorganization, and an inability to adapt to social norms (Blackwell 4). In cross-cultural studies, it has been proven that children in other countries receive significantly more touch than American children in schools, and have significantly lower rates of school violence (Milo 4). Touch has also been shown to play a significant role in decreasing the level of cortisol in the human body. Cortisol, while a necessary chemical, destroys brain cells when it is present in high amounts in the body. In children who are not regularly touched, the level of cortisol is significantly higher than in children who are regularly held and hugged by others. The effects of long term levels of high cortisol include poor performance in school, lack of ability to retain information, and overall lowered achievement. However, when children move into a nurturing environment, rapid improvement is seen, and cortisol levels quickly diminish (Blackwell 6). In looking at the research, it is clear that touch plays a significant role in human development, at both the emotional and physical level. In addition to the research on the effects of touch and child development, there is strong concern that a lack of touch, especially with young children, may also be a form of neglect and abuse. According to Tony Del Prete, a school guidance counselor, By modeling an aloof interpersonal style and becoming less humanistic with our youth, we may be sending the message that violent and aggressive touching (as seen on TV, movies, and